![Page 1: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
The Water Cycle…….and its contribution to
cloudsBy me
Ryan Rice
![Page 2: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Three states of water matter •Solid•Liquid•Gas To change state, heat must be•Absorbed, or•Released
Heat energy •Measured in calories – one calorie is the heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius
Latent heatStored or hidden heat Not derived from temperature change Important in atmospheric processes
![Page 3: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Processes •Evaporation
Liquid is changed to gas •Condensation
Water vapor (gas) is changed to a liquid •Melting
Solid is changed to a liquid •Freezing
Liquid is changed to a solid •Sublimation
Solid is changed directly to a gas •Deposition
Water vapor (gas) changed to a solid (e.g., frost in a freezer compartment)
![Page 4: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
![Page 5: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Clouds Made of millions and millions of
minute water droplets, or tiny crystals of ice
Classification based on form
Cirrus Cumulus
Stratus
![Page 8: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
•Classification based on Height
•High clouds – above 6,000 meters
Types include cirrus, cirrostratus, cirrocumulus
•Middle clouds – 2,000 to 6,000 meters
Types include altostratus and altocumulus
•Low clouds – below 2,000 meters
Types include stratus,
Classification based on Height
High clouds – above 6,000 meters
Middle clouds – 2,000 to 6,000 meters
Low clouds – below 2,000 meters
![Page 9: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Cirrus Clouds The most common form of high-level clouds are thin and often wispy. Typically found at heights greater than 20,000 feet (6,000 meters), Cirrus clouds are composed of ice crystals that originate from the freezing of super cooled water droplets. Generally occur in fair weather and point in the direction of air movement at their elevation.
![Page 10: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cumulus Clouds The Cotton Balls in the SkyLow clouds – below 2,000 meters
can form low as 300 ft Types include stratus, stratocumulus, and nimbostratus (nimbus means “rainy”) Cumulus clouds are formed as a result of the process of convection, wherein warm air rises in the atmosphere and eventually cools down.
![Page 11: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Clouds of vertical developmentFrom low to high altitudes areCalled Cumulonimbus Often/ most of the time, produce rain showers and thunderstorms
![Page 12: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Stratus – sheets or layers that cover much of the sky
Middle clouds – 2,000 to 6,000 meters
At dusk, colors are gray or blue-gray, composed of ice crystals and water droplets
Altostratus clouds
![Page 13: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
![Page 14: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Adiabatic temperature changes occur whenAir is compressed
Motion of air molecules increases
Air will warm Descending air is compressed
due to increasing air pressure Air expands
Air will cool Rising air will expand due to
decreasing air pressure
Adiabatic heating/cooling
![Page 15: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
•Adiabatic rates Dry adiabatic rate
•Unsaturated air•Rising air expands and cools at 1˚C per 100 meters (5.5˚F per 1,000 feet) •Descending air is compressed and warms at 1˚C per 100 meters
Wet adiabatic rate •Commences at condensation level •Air has reached the dew point•Condensation is occurring and latent heat is being liberated •Heat released by the condensing water reduces the rate of cooling•Rate varies from 0.5˚C to 0.9˚C per 100 meters
![Page 16: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Wet rate is less.Wet rate is less…
Latent heat is released when Water vapor condenses
![Page 17: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Processes that lift airVery important for weather: lifted air cools adiabatically and condenses to form clouds. Lifting is generally required to produce precipitation.Orographic lifting
•Elevated terrains act as barriers•Result can be a rain shadow desert
Frontal wedging•Cool air acts as a barrier to warm air •Fronts are part of the storm systems called middle-latitude cyclones
Convergence Where the air is flowing together and rising (low
pressure)Localized convective lifting
•Localized convective lifting occurs where unequal surface heating causes pockets of air to rise because of their buoyancy
![Page 18: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Orographic lifting
![Page 19: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Frontal Wedging
![Page 20: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
FRONTS
Boundary that separates air masses of different densities•Air masses retain their identities •Warmer, less dense air forced aloft •Cooler, denser air acts as wedge
![Page 21: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
•Warm frontWarm air replaces cooler airSmall slope (1:200)Clouds become lower as the front nearsSlow rate of advanceLight-to-moderate precipitation
![Page 22: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
•Cold frontCold air replaces warm airTwice as steep (1:100) as warm frontsAdvances faster than a warm frontAssociated weather is more violent than a warm front
•Intensity of precipitation is greater•Duration of precipitation is shorter
![Page 23: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Fog: fog is like clouds in that both are formed by condensation of water vapor from the air. Unlike clouds, fog commonly forms by radioactive cooling rather than by adiabatic cooling (cooling accompanying lifting)
Types of fog•Fogs caused by cooling
Advection fog – warm, moist air moves over a cool surface: e.g. the California marine layer: warm most air moves over the cold California current; the cooling leads to condensation and fog formation.Radiation fog
•Earth’s surface cools rapidly•Forms during cool, clear, calm nights San Joaquin Valley tulle fog!!
Upslope fog •Humid air moves up a slope•Adiabatic cooling occurs (like cloud formation)
![Page 26: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
![Page 27: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Contrails…what are they?
![Page 28: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Contrails or vapor trails are condensation trails and artificial cirrus clouds made by the exhaust of aircraft engines or wingtip vortices which precipitate a stream of tiny ice crystals in moist, frigid upper air. However, contrails generated by engine exhaust are inevitably linked with typical fuel combustion pollutants. Contrails might also be considered visual pollution.
![Page 29: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
September 11, 2001 climate impact study.
It had been hypothesized that in regions such as the United States with heavy air traffic, contrails affected the weather, reducing solar heating during the day and radiation of heat during the night by increasing the Albedo.
Measurements did show that without contrails the local diurnal temperature range was about 1 degree Celsius higher than immediately before;
![Page 30: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
History Channel Documentary Validates Chemtrails and Weather Warfare
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NVjI-0uA9L8&feature=related
Lets watch a movie……
![Page 31: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Ahh finally…the CONCLUSION
The Earth’s climate has many drivers that influence its behavior. The most abundant one on the earth’s surface is Water. Water moves around the earth in many different processes, any where from Evaporation and Condensation to freezing and melting. All of these processes either release or absorb heat. When this heat is released, very intense storm systems. Clouds are formed when millions and millions of ice crystals come together.
![Page 32: The Water Cycle …….and its contribution to clouds](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022051317/56816353550346895dd3f8a3/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Work Cited Warming and the Future of Humanity”. 2008. Book Surge p\Publishing, USA Crystal Link/ Contrails/ Chemtrails. http://www.crystalinks.com/chemtrails.html Hayden c. Howard. “ A Primer on CO2 and Climate second edition”. 2008. Vales Lake Publishing Weather Forecasting Cloud Chart. http://web2.airmail.net/danb1/clouds.htm 2009 Pearson Prentice Hall Inc. Earth Science 12th edition; Tarbuck and Lutgens Windows to the Universe. “ Global Warming, Clouds and Albedo”. http://www.windows2universe.org/earth/climate/warming_clouds_albedo_feedback.html
“The Scale of the Universe” Stumble Upon. http://www.stumbleupon.com/su/1FrxcM/www.newgrounds.com/portal/view/525347