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The Rise of Islamic Empires in the Middle
East, Europe, and India
Readings: Smith, et al., 488-494, 620-639, 647-659
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The Rise of The Ottoman Empire
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Ottomans Controlled Most of Turkey and the Balkans by 1389
Prior to 1453 – Mehmed II constructed fortress of Rumelyi to control access to Black Sea from the Bospherus
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Conquest of Constantinople In 15th Century Ottomans
moved broadly against Europe, Persia, and Egypt.
April 6-May 29 1453 They besieged and conquered Constantinople, capital of the Byzantine Empire, under Sultan Mehmed II, which ended the Byzantine Empire
Benefitted from Hungarian engineer Urban’s bombards or cannons
Used rich iron ore and copper from Hungary
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Constantinople becomes Istanbul
Churches like Haghia Sophia were transformed into mosques, though many Christian features remain.
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Kariye Kilisesi (Chora Church)
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Blue Mosque – 1609-1616
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Interior Blue Mosque
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Turks Turks faced hostile
populations of Jews, Catholics, Orthodox Christians, some Muslims.
The Turks allowed everyone to practice whatever religion they wanted as long as they paid taxes at first but gradually persecuted Christians and drove many out of the country
Managed vast, culturally diverse empire through the Janissary Army and Civil Service.
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Mehmed II: “the ruler of the two seas and the two continents”
Janissaries - Took Christian boys and made them slaves
Under Mehmed II - By 16th century they had control of Mediterranean and Black Seas—fought with Portugal over control of Indian Ocean-
Mehmed aimed to recreate Byzantine Empire as an Islamic state – attempted to rely heavily on Italian culture and fashion
One of main industries: carpet-making
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Suleiman the Magnificent
Joined royal and religious law.
He had many challenges Mostly from Eastern
Turkey, the Safavid Empire (the Persians)
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How Did Ottomans Exercise Power?
Center of Power – in Istanbul—the Topkapi Saray
A fortress, sanctuary, and shrine Laid out by Mehmed II Outer walls and inner walls with
Inner palace in deep interior—palace housed treasury, a library, and the sultan’s pavilion
Inner court closed to all but state officials – visitors confined to outer court
Around the edges, secret hideaway spots for the Sultan’s harem
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Interior Harem
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Harem Interior
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Ottoman Power
Topkapi Palace housed 10 mosques, 14 bathhouses, 2 hospitals, 2,000 (800) women and 4,000 horses
Sultan housed in sacred spaces with relics of the prophet Muhammad – controlled the institutions and sacred places related to Sunni Islam
Externally—law code, tolerance, military power, still profited from spice trade, tribute from Europeans
Internally—palace often ruled by eunuchs and concubines, as well as sultan’s mother, but more rational than many Europeans believed
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Safavid Empire Shaped by Persians (1501-
1773), more a state than an empire, but had imperial ambitions
Like Ottomans, benefitted from trade across Eurasia
Ruled through a hereditary class of fighters – the Qizilbash
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Shah Abbas
Expanded the Safavid Empire from 1588-1629
Created capital at Isfahan Won gains in the caucuses
and central Asia, expelled the Portuguese from Hormuz
Insisted that everyone practice Shi’ite version of Islam – left no room for religious pluralism – even though most people they governed not originally Shi’ites
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The Mughal Empire Babur started to conquer India
in 1523 and took Delhi in 1526.
Mughal was the Indian word for Mongols
Babur and his followers didn’t like India because of the caste system and religion
Humayun
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Early Mughal Rulers – Babur (1483-1530)
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Early Mughal Rulers – Humayun – Babur’s Son
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Legacy of Humayun (1508-1556)
Faced many obstacles-mostly from brothers
Consolidated Rule Interested in Science
and Astrology Died falling down stairs
from library carrying books
Picture—Humayun with Babur
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Akbar – Humayun’s Son (1556-1605)
Was one of the great leaders of India.
He couldn’t read; there is a chance he was dyslexic
He had others read to him so he could learn.
Married daughters of Rajputs (800 wives)
He encouraged art and architecture.
Good fighter but believed in diplomacy – picture with Jesuits at court
Tolerated and encouraged toleration of Hindus
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Akbar’s Palace – Fatehpur Sikri
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Jahangir (1569-1627
Ruled from 1605-1627 after father-Akbar-died
Very well educated, spoke 4 languages
He had little interest in India Emphasized Sunni Islam He married a Persian – Nur
Jahan and let her run the country – she had been a widow in his court
More interested in drinking and smoking opium than ruling
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Nur Jahan – Power Behind the Throne Persian – gave positions in
government to all her male relatives
Tough ruler Good businesswoman–
encouraged trade and industry-manufactured perfume, cosmetics
Owned ships she used for commercial endeavors
Wrote poetry under the name Makhifi
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Shah Jahan Jahangir’s son Basically imprisoned Nur
Jahan until she died (she had backed his brother)
He ruled from 1628-1657.
Built the Peacock throne and the Taj Majal.
Built the Taj Majal as a monument to his wife when she died in childbirth in 1631.
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Peacock Throne
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Taj Majal
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Rebellion of Aurangzeb Defeats Father - Shah
Jahan in 1658 and becomes emperor.
Ruled until 1707. He actively tries to
conquer all of India and got most of it except the South.
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Rule of Aurangzib
Aurangzib was an ardent Muslim and he prohibited the Hindu religion and destroyed the Hindu temples.
In 1679 he imposed a special tax on non-Muslims and created an Islamic moral police that tried to enforce orthodoxy.
He also required all women to marry
By his death there was much turmoil.
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A summary of these empires Though these were powerful empires why did
they decline? One reason was they spent a lot of money fighting wars Spent enormous sums on monumental architecture to
display power Power – Superficially external visible – Real power Hidden
in inner quarters Worked well when tolerant – mostly not Resisted new developments in western technology and
science Saw trade very differently from Europeans.