Chapter
World CivilizationsThe Global Experience
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
AP® Seventh Edition
The Muslim Empires
22
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 22.1 Babur superintending the planting of gardens in India. The rulers of each of the three great Muslim empires of the early modern era were lavish patrons of the arts and
splendid architecture.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Chapter Overview
I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
II. The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
III.The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
TIMELINE 1250 C.E. to 1525 C.E.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
TIMELINE 1550 C.E. to 1700 C.E.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
• Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks
– Ottomans emerge dominant
• Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries
– Mehmed II
– 1453, take Constantinople
• Expansion
– Middle East, north Africa, Europe
– Dominate Mediterranean
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Map 22.1 The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
For several centuries the three great Muslim empires dominated the central trading and
transit zones of Afro-Eurasia.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Map 22.2 The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire
Because they were a sea as well as a land power, the Ottomans were able to conquer and rule the lands of the eastern Mediterranean and
Black Sea region for half a millennium.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
• A State Geared to Warfare
– Military dominant
Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility
Janissary infantry
• Conscripted youth from conquered peoples
• Control artillery and firearms
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 22.2 An illuminated French manuscript from the 15th century shows the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. The Muslim capture of the great eastern bastion of Christian Europe aroused fears throughout the
continent, resulting in demands for new Crusades to recapture the city. The advance of the Ottomans in the east also provided impetus to the overseas expansion of nations such as Spain and Portugal on the western coasts of
Europe. Both of these Catholic maritime powers saw their efforts to build overseas empires as
part of a larger campaign to outflank the Muslim powers and bring areas that they
controlled into the Christian camp.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
• The Sultans and their Court
– Use factions against each other
– Vizier
Oversees large bureaucracy
– Succession
No clear rules
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
• Constantinople Restored as the Link among Asia and Europe, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea
– Commercial center
– Government control of trade, crafts
– Artisan guilds
– Turkish prevails as ;amgiage
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 22.3 Built in the reign of Suleyman I in the 1550s and designed by the famous
architect Sinan, the Suleymaniye mosque is among the largest domed structures in the world, and it is one of the great engineering
achievements of Islamic civilization. The pencil-thin minarets flanking the great central dome
are characteristic of Ottoman architecture, which was quite distinct from its Safavid and
Mughal counterparts.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
• The Problem of Ottoman Decline
– Strong until late 1600s
– Decline
Extended
Infrastructure insufficient
Dependent on conquest
• End of conquest brings deficiencies
Regional leaders divert revenue
Sultans less dynamic
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
• Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat
– Janissaries
Conservative
Stop military, technological reform
– Lepanto, 1571
Defeated by Spain, Venice
Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
• Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat
– Portuguese outflank Middle East trade
Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean
Victories over Muslim navies
– Inflation
Caused by New World bullion
Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 22.4 The clash of the galley fleets at Lepanto was one of the greatest sea battles in
history. But despite devastating losses, the Ottomans managed to replace most of their
fleet and go back on the offensive against their Christian adversaries within a year. Here the epic encounter is pictured in one of the many
paintings devoted to it in the decades that followed. The tightly packed battle formations
that both sides adopted show the importance of ramming rather than cannon fire in naval
combat in the Mediterranean in this era. This pattern was reversed in the Atlantic and the
other oceanic zones into which the Europeans had been expanding since the 14th century.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• Safavid family
– Sufi preachers, mystics
– Sail al-Din
Leads revival
– "Red Heads"
– 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz
Named shah
• Chaldiran, 1514
– Safavids defeated by Ottomans
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Map 22.3 The Safavid EmpireSurrounded by rival empires and nomadic
peoples, Safavid Persia proved less enduring than its two Muslim rivals.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs
– Tahmasp I
Becomes shah
– Abbas I "the Great" (1587–1629)
Height of Ottoman Empire
Persians as bureaucrats
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power
• Mongols' innovation of gunpowder
– Spread to Europe and Middle East
• Military technology contributing to social and political change
– Defensive fortifications
– Control over populations
Reduced use in China, Japan
– Nomadic difficulty administering peasants leads to decline in technologies
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• State and Religion
– Adopt Persian after Chaldiran
Also Persian court traditions
Imams, successors of Ali
– Shi'ism modified
Spreads to entire empire
Mullahs
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and the Art of the Mosque
– Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture
Building projects
Textiles
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• The Splendors of Isfahan
– Safavid capital
Mosques, offices, arches
Gardens, reflecting pools
Bright colors contrast desert climate
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 22.5 Occupying one side of the great square of the Safavid capital at Isfahan, the
blue-tiled Shah Mosque was one of the architectural gems of the Early Modern era
worldwide.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• Society and Gender Roles:Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
– Commonalities
Warrior aristocracies
• Move to rural estates after conquest
• Threat to central power
Imperial workshops
• Artisans patronized
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• Society and Gender Roles:Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
– Commonalities
International trade encouraged
Women lose freedom
• Subordinate to fathers, husbands
• But still active in trade and some money-lending
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids
• The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire
– Abbas I
Removes heirs
Weak grandson inherits
• Decline begins
– Internecine conflict, outside threats
1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis
– Nadir Khan Afshar
Shah, 1736
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Babur
– Driven from Afghanistan
– Invades India, 1526
– Turkic
– Panipat, 1526
Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Babur
– Khanua, 1527
Defeats Hindu confederation
– 1530, death
Succeeded by Humayn
• Flees to Persia
• Mughal rule restored by Humayn by 1556
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Map 22.4 The Growth of the Mughal Empire, from Akbar to Aurangzeb
Although in its later phase the Mughal empire occupied much of South Asia, the cost of wars of expansion contributed in major ways to its
rapid decline from the late 17th century.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Akbar’s Religious Syncretism, Hindu Allies, and a Multicultural Empire
– Akbar
Humayn's 13-year-old son
Reconciliation with Hindus
• New religion, Din-i-Ilahi
– Blend of Islam and Hinduism
• Toleration
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Social Reform and Attempts to Recast Gender Relations
– Women
Position improved
Widows encouraged to remarry
Child marriages discouraged
Sati prohibited
Purdah (seclusion) undermined by women's market days
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 22.6 This engraving from a late 16th-century German traveler's account of India shows a European artist's impression of an
Indian widow committing sati. Not surprisingly, this practice of burning high-caste widows in some parts of India and among certain social groups on their deceased husbands' funeral pyres often was described at great length by European visitors in this era. There was some disagreement in their accounts as to whether
the women went willingly into the fire, as some early authors claimed. Later inquiries in the
British period revealed that some of the widows had been drugged and others tied to the
funeral pyre. It is likely that many simply caved in to pressure applied by their dead spouse's
relatives and at times even their own children.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts
– Death of Akbar
Reforms don't survive
Empire strong
– Cotton textiles to Europe
Especially among laboring and middle classes
Mughal emperor Aurangzeb
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Visualizing the PastArt as a Window into the Past: Paintings
and History in Mughal India
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Visualizing the PastArt as a Window into the Past: Paintings
and History in Mughal India(Padshahnama: Europeans bring gifts to the
Shah Jahan. The Royal Collection © 2009. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.)
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Wonders of the Early Modern World: Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era
– Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century
Continue toleration
Less energetic
Support arts
• Taj Mahal
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
Figure 22.7 Perhaps no single building has come to symbolize Indian civilization more than the Taj Mahal. The grace and elegance of the tomb that Shah Jahan built in his wife's honor
provide an enduring source of aesthetic delight. The white marble of the tomb is inlaid with
flowers and geometric designs cut from semiprecious stones. The windows of the
central chamber, which houses the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, are decorated with carved marble screens, which add a sense
of lightness and delicacy to the structure.
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women
– Nur Jahan
Wife of Jahangir
Head of powerful faction
– Mumtaz Mahal
Beloved wife of Shah Jahan
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women
– Ordinary women
Position declines
Child marriage
Sati spreads among upper classes
Other of Akbar's reforms die out
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
– Aurangzeb
Succeeds Shah Jahan
Programs
• Rule all India
• Cleanse Islam of Hindu taint
Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert
The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
• The Beginnings of Imperial Decline
– Aurangzeb
1707, controls most of India
• Expensive, distracting
• Other developments disregarded
– Revolt
– Autonomy of local leaders
Hindus excluded from high office
• Non-Muslims taxed
Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule