the global experience - cchs...

Chapter

World CivilizationsThe Global Experience

Copyright © 2015, 2011, 2007Pearson Education, Inc.

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World Civilizations: The Global Experience, AP® Seventh EditionStearns | Adas | Schwartz | Gilbert

AP® Seventh Edition

The Muslim Empires

22


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Figure 22.1 Babur superintending the planting of gardens in India. The rulers of each of the three great Muslim empires of the early modern era were lavish patrons of the arts and

splendid architecture.


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Chapter Overview

I. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

II. The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids

III.The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India


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TIMELINE 1250 C.E. to 1525 C.E.


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TIMELINE 1550 C.E. to 1700 C.E.


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The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders

• Mid-1200s, Mongols defeat Seljuks

– Ottomans emerge dominant

• Into Balkans, 14th, 15th centuries

– Mehmed II

– 1453, take Constantinople

• Expansion

– Middle East, north Africa, Europe

– Dominate Mediterranean


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Map 22.1 The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires

For several centuries the three great Muslim empires dominated the central trading and

transit zones of Afro-Eurasia.


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Map 22.2 The Expansion of the Ottoman Empire

Because they were a sea as well as a land power, the Ottomans were able to conquer and rule the lands of the eastern Mediterranean and

Black Sea region for half a millennium.


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• A State Geared to Warfare

– Military dominant

Turkic horsemen become warrior nobility

Janissary infantry

• Conscripted youth from conquered peoples

• Control artillery and firearms


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Figure 22.2 An illuminated French manuscript from the 15th century shows the Ottoman siege of Constantinople in 1453. The Muslim capture of the great eastern bastion of Christian Europe aroused fears throughout the

continent, resulting in demands for new Crusades to recapture the city. The advance of the Ottomans in the east also provided impetus to the overseas expansion of nations such as Spain and Portugal on the western coasts of

Europe. Both of these Catholic maritime powers saw their efforts to build overseas empires as

part of a larger campaign to outflank the Muslim powers and bring areas that they

controlled into the Christian camp.


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• The Sultans and their Court

– Use factions against each other

– Vizier

Oversees large bureaucracy

– Succession

No clear rules


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• Constantinople Restored as the Link among Asia and Europe, the Mediterranean and the Black Sea

– Commercial center

– Government control of trade, crafts

– Artisan guilds

– Turkish prevails as ;amgiage


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Figure 22.3 Built in the reign of Suleyman I in the 1550s and designed by the famous

architect Sinan, the Suleymaniye mosque is among the largest domed structures in the world, and it is one of the great engineering

achievements of Islamic civilization. The pencil-thin minarets flanking the great central dome

are characteristic of Ottoman architecture, which was quite distinct from its Safavid and

Mughal counterparts.


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• The Problem of Ottoman Decline

– Strong until late 1600s

– Decline

Extended

Infrastructure insufficient

Dependent on conquest

• End of conquest brings deficiencies

Regional leaders divert revenue

Sultans less dynamic


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• Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat

– Janissaries

Conservative

Stop military, technological reform

– Lepanto, 1571

Defeated by Spain, Venice

Turks lose control of eastern Mediterranean


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• Military Reverses and the Ottoman Retreat

– Portuguese outflank Middle East trade

Sail around Africa into Indian Ocean

Victories over Muslim navies

– Inflation

Caused by New World bullion

Comes at same time as loss of revenue from control of trade


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Figure 22.4 The clash of the galley fleets at Lepanto was one of the greatest sea battles in

history. But despite devastating losses, the Ottomans managed to replace most of their

fleet and go back on the offensive against their Christian adversaries within a year. Here the epic encounter is pictured in one of the many

paintings devoted to it in the decades that followed. The tightly packed battle formations

that both sides adopted show the importance of ramming rather than cannon fire in naval

combat in the Mediterranean in this era. This pattern was reversed in the Atlantic and the

other oceanic zones into which the Europeans had been expanding since the 14th century.


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The Shi'a Challenge of the Safavids

• Safavid family

– Sufi preachers, mystics

– Sail al-Din

Leads revival

– "Red Heads"

– 1501, Ismâ'il takes Tabriz

Named shah

• Chaldiran, 1514

– Safavids defeated by Ottomans


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Map 22.3 The Safavid EmpireSurrounded by rival empires and nomadic

peoples, Safavid Persia proved less enduring than its two Muslim rivals.


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• Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs

– Tahmasp I

Becomes shah

– Abbas I "the Great" (1587–1629)

Height of Ottoman Empire

Persians as bureaucrats


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The Gunpowder Empires and the Shifting Balance of Global Power

• Mongols' innovation of gunpowder

– Spread to Europe and Middle East

• Military technology contributing to social and political change

– Defensive fortifications

– Control over populations

Reduced use in China, Japan

– Nomadic difficulty administering peasants leads to decline in technologies


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• State and Religion

– Adopt Persian after Chaldiran

Also Persian court traditions

Imams, successors of Ali

– Shi'ism modified

Spreads to entire empire

Mullahs


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• Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence and the Art of the Mosque

– Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture

Building projects

Textiles


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• The Splendors of Isfahan

– Safavid capital

Mosques, offices, arches

Gardens, reflecting pools

Bright colors contrast desert climate


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Figure 22.5 Occupying one side of the great square of the Safavid capital at Isfahan, the

blue-tiled Shah Mosque was one of the architectural gems of the Early Modern era

worldwide.


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• Society and Gender Roles:Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons

– Commonalities

Warrior aristocracies

• Move to rural estates after conquest

• Threat to central power

Imperial workshops

• Artisans patronized


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• Society and Gender Roles:Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons

– Commonalities

International trade encouraged

Women lose freedom

• Subordinate to fathers, husbands

• But still active in trade and some money-lending


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• The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire

– Abbas I

Removes heirs

Weak grandson inherits

• Decline begins

– Internecine conflict, outside threats

1772, Isfahan taken by Afghanis

– Nadir Khan Afshar

Shah, 1736


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The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India

• Babur

– Driven from Afghanistan

– Invades India, 1526

– Turkic

– Panipat, 1526

Defeats Muslim Lodi dynasty


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Map 22.4 The Growth of the Mughal Empire, from Akbar to Aurangzeb

Although in its later phase the Mughal empire occupied much of South Asia, the cost of wars of expansion contributed in major ways to its

rapid decline from the late 17th century.


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• Akbar’s Religious Syncretism, Hindu Allies, and a Multicultural Empire

– Akbar

Humayn's 13-year-old son

Reconciliation with Hindus

• New religion, Din-i-Ilahi

– Blend of Islam and Hinduism

• Toleration


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• Social Reform and Attempts to Recast Gender Relations

– Women

Position improved

Widows encouraged to remarry

Child marriages discouraged

Sati prohibited

Purdah (seclusion) undermined by women's market days


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Figure 22.6 This engraving from a late 16th-century German traveler's account of India shows a European artist's impression of an

Indian widow committing sati. Not surprisingly, this practice of burning high-caste widows in some parts of India and among certain social groups on their deceased husbands' funeral pyres often was described at great length by European visitors in this era. There was some disagreement in their accounts as to whether

the women went willingly into the fire, as some early authors claimed. Later inquiries in the

British period revealed that some of the widows had been drugged and others tied to the

funeral pyre. It is likely that many simply caved in to pressure applied by their dead spouse's

relatives and at times even their own children.


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• Mughal Splendor and Early European Contacts

– Death of Akbar

Reforms don't survive

Empire strong

– Cotton textiles to Europe

Especially among laboring and middle classes

Mughal emperor Aurangzeb


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Visualizing the PastArt as a Window into the Past: Paintings

and History in Mughal India(Padshahnama: Europeans bring gifts to the

Shah Jahan. The Royal Collection © 2009. Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II.)


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• Wonders of the Early Modern World: Artistic Achievement in the Mughal Era

– Jahangir and Shah Jahan, 17th century

Continue toleration

Less energetic

Support arts

• Taj Mahal


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Figure 22.7 Perhaps no single building has come to symbolize Indian civilization more than the Taj Mahal. The grace and elegance of the tomb that Shah Jahan built in his wife's honor

provide an enduring source of aesthetic delight. The white marble of the tomb is inlaid with

flowers and geometric designs cut from semiprecious stones. The windows of the

central chamber, which houses the tombs of Shah Jahan and Mumtaz Mahal, are decorated with carved marble screens, which add a sense

of lightness and delicacy to the structure.


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• Court Politics and the Position of Elite and Ordinary Women

– Ordinary women

Position declines

Child marriage

Sati spreads among upper classes

Other of Akbar's reforms die out


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• The Beginnings of Imperial Decline

– Aurangzeb

1707, controls most of India

• Expensive, distracting

• Other developments disregarded

– Revolt

– Autonomy of local leaders

Hindus excluded from high office

• Non-Muslims taxed

Marattas and Sikhs challenge rule

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