THE EVOLUTION AND CLASSIFICATION OF PLANTS
IAFNR Plant and Soil Sciences Module
TERMS TO KNOW
Taxonomy the process or system of describing the way in which different living things are related by putting them in groups
Nomenclature an international system of standardized New Latin names used in biology for kinds and groups of kinds of animals and plants
EVOLUTION OF PLANTS
Earliest known life-form dated 3.5 Billion years ago1 Billion years ago
Bacteria and blue-green algae Fungi
400 Million years ago Early land plants
350 Million years ago Seed plants
120 Million years ago Flowering plants
Image retrieved from: http://www.theluxuryspot.com/health-benefits-of-algae/
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF PLANTS
If you could choose anywhere in the world to live, where would you live?
What is the main reason you want to live there?
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION OF PLANTS
Climate Primary factor in plant distribution
Plants have individual adaptions and tolerance
Biomes Large area occupying given climate zones with characteristics of vegetation and groups of animal species Tropical Rainforest Desert Tundra
Image retrieved from: http://www.worldmapsonline.com/np_geo/world_bathymetry_vdg.htm
LOCATION ADAPTATIONS
Dry Climates Xeromorphic features
Smaller, thicker leaves Spines Dense hairiness Water Storage
Cold Zones Grow closer to ground
Protected growing points
Small, Needle-like leaves
Image retrieved from: http://green-woodtrees.blogspot.com/2011/03/sedum.html
Image retrieved from: http://www.homeidearesource.com/landscaping-plants-for-cold-climates
ROLE AND USES OF PLANTS
Role of PlantsBase of the food chainProvides evidence of nutrient and energy cycling
Plant UsesTo eat Industrial purposesMedicinalOils
Image retrieved from: http://cooksncrooks.blogspot.com/2011/02/well-seasoned-pan.html
Image retrieved from: http://www.diverseeds.eu/DVD/Home.html
TAXONOMY
the process or system of describing the way in which different living things are related by putting them in groups
Different ways to classify plants Phylogenetic—how they look Environmental—where they grow Agricultural—what use they are grown for Morphological—how their structure compares to each other
TAXONOMIC PROCESS AND RANKS
Kingdom-Highest Classification Ranking (5) Plantae-Plants Animalia-Animals Monera-Bacteria and Blue-
Green Algae Protista-All other Algae and
Protozoans Mycota-Fungi
Phylum-Second Classification Ranking Plantae- Phylums are
unranked Classified by reproductive
structure and Vascular structure
Class- Third Classification Ranking Specific to plant structure
and presence of/ kinds of seeds
Image retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wik
i/Biological_classification
SUBKINGDOMS
Thallobionta Contains plants lacking
True roots Stems Leaves
Composed of 10 divisions of algae and fungi
Algae and Fungi no longer classified in Plantae Kingdom
Embryobionta Composed of two groups
Bryophyta Vascular Plants
BRYOPHYTES
Non-Vascular Plants Simple structure Lack true roots, stems, and leaves
Found in moist places or in water
Liverworts and mosses (see photo)
Image retrieved from: http://www.hiddenforest.co.nz/bryophytes/liverworts/leafy/trichocoleaceae/trich01.htm
VASCULAR PLANTS
Plants have true roots, stems, and leaves
Established vascular system Xylem and phloem
Contains 7 divisions 3 represented by very few species 1 extinct
Only known in fossils Polpodiophyta-Ferns Pinophyta-Gymnosperms Magnoliophyta-Angiosperms
Image retrieved from: http://emhsbot-zoo.wikispaces.com/Plants
Image retrieved from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_tissue
SPERMATOPHYTES
Gymnosperms
Naked-Seeded Plants Woody, perennial, and mostly evergreen plants
Reproductive organs Cones or catkins with seeds
uncovered
Angiosperms
Flowers and Protected Seeds (in fruits) Divisions of Class
Monocots Dicots Based on the numbers of
cotyledons or seed leaves in the seed
Image retrieved from: http://www.ck12.org/book/CK-12-Life-Science-Concepts-For-Middle-School/section/7.10/
Image retrieved from: http://bioweb.uwlax.edu/bio203/s2012/cejka_laur/adaptation.htm
CLASSIFICATION CHART PROJECT
Example Plant Classification Chart http
://popplet.com/app/#/2152151
In your chart classify 1 Polypodiophyta 1 Gymnosperm 1 Angiosperm
REFERENCES
Nomenclature. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/nomenclature
Parker, R. (2010). Plant and Soil Science: Fundamentals and Applications. Clifton Park, NY: Delmar.
Taxonomy. (n.d.). Retrieved October 30, 2014, from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/taxonomy