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The Cold War and President JFK
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E. America Enters World War II
(1945-Present)
f. Analyze the social, cultural, and
economic changes at the onset of the
Cold War era
g. Analyze the origins of the Cold
War, foreign policy developments, and
major events of the administrations
from Truman to present
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John F. Kennedy
-In 1960, Eisenhower’s Vice President, Richard Nixon, ran for the Republican Party for the Presidency. He faced off against a young Democrat named John F. Kennedy.
-They had the first televised Presidential debate. Television greatly helped JFK due to his youthful appearance and communication skills.
-JFK was only 43 years old when he became President. He became the icon for change in the USA. He asserted in his inaugural address that, “The torch has been passed to a new generation.”
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The Nixon vs. JFK Debate on TV
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Policies of JFK
-JFK supported one of the chief issues of his day, the Civil Rights Movement. He wanted to see Jim Crow Segregation end and for African Americans to possess the rights they deserved.
-As the Cold War continued, JFK was afraid impoverished countries would embrace Communism. He encouraged aid to be given to these nations and for Americans to volunteer to work in groups like the Peace Corps to assist these countries.
-Instead of Brinkmanship, JFK wanted the USA to be able to fight ground wars as well, not just threaten the USSR with nuclear annihilation. This strategy was called the “Flexible Response.”
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In this picture, JFK met with young Americans
who volunteered to serve in the Peace Corps.
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When World War II was finished, the USA, Britain, and France grew
concerned. They wanted the nations of the world to accept Democracy.
Yet, it was clear that Stalin wanted Eastern Europe
to be dominated by Communism.
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Truman’s goal of “Containment” was simply to keep
Communism from spreading any further into the world.
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Communism expanded out of the
USSR. Containment failed. Many
feared when Communism also
spread to Cuba.
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Fidel Castro led the
Communist Revolution in Cuba.
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The Bay of Pigs
-Fidel Castro made Cuba Communist, with the help
of the USSR. In 1960, Eisenhower let the CIA train
Cuban exiles to invade and try to gain control over
Cuba.
-In April of 1961, JFK allowed the group to invade
Cuba. However, the Soviet Union gave aid to Cuba
and the exiles were crushed by Castro.
-This was a massive failure and embarrassment for
the USA. Cuba remained under Communist
control.
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The USA tried to train Cuban Exiles to invade the Bay of Pigs
and assume control of Cuba. Yet, it was a massive failure.
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The Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962
-The USSR and Cuba began working together
to secure the Communist government of
Cuba.
-The USSR wanted to be Cuba’s ally because
it would give the Soviet Union a close area to
keep nuclear weapons pointed at the USA.
-Nikita Khrushchev of the USSR sent missiles
to be planted in Cuba and pointed at the USA.
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If the USSR had
missiles in Cuba,
it would mean
that they had
closer access to
launch a nuclear
attack on the
USA. .
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The End of the Cuban Missile Crisis
-JFK sent a blockade around Cuba. Many feared that nuclear war was about to erupt between the USA and the USSR.
-Khrushchev and JFK reached an agreement to remove the missiles, if the USA decided not to invade Cuba. It was learned later in history that the USA also secretly removed missiles in Turkey to appease the USSR too.
-Cuba remained an independent, Communist government. It is still a Communist government today.
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The Berlin Wall
-After the USSR was not able to maintain a nuclear presence in Cuba, they began to be more aggressive with their control of Eastern Europe.
-Khrushchev began to take actions to try and control the border of West Berlin. He was angry that many were fleeing to West Berlin to escape Communism.
-He built the Berlin Wall to try to ensure that people could not flee to the West to pursue freedom and Democracy.
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Stalin had secured the Soviet control of
Eastern Europe after WW II.
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Even though Berlin was in the Eastern Communist area, half the city
remained in control of West Germany and was a Democracy. This
agreement was reached after WW II.
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The Berlin Airlift was an attempt to help the Western Half of
Berlin stay Democratic.
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Khrushchev built a literal wall around the Western Half of
Berlin. Communist Eastern Europeans were forbidden from
coming into the Western Half of the City.
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Eastern Germans building the Berlin Wall
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By the 1980s, the Berlin Wall had multiple sections and
guards watching from towers. If anyone tried to cross it,
they could be shot and killed.
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The Space Race
-The USSR was the first nation to launch a
Satellite, Sputnik, into space in 1957.
-Also, the USSR was the first nation on Earth to
put a man in space. Soviet Cosmonaut, Yuri
Gagarin, made it to space in 1961.
-The USA felt that the Soviets were gaining an
edge in space technology. JFK promised that the
USA would be the first to the moon. His promise
was fulfilled in 1969 as Neil Armstrong became
the first human ever to walk on the moon.
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Yuri Gagarin, a Soviet Cosmonaut, was
the first man in space.
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JFK’s “promise” of landing on the Moon was
achieved in 1969, when Neil Armstrong
landed on the moon.
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A Tragedy Strikes the Nation
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The Loss of a President
-On November 22, 1963, while on a trip to Dallas, JFK was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald.
-Oswald’s motives were not well known. However, he was a former Marine who had traveled to the USSR and supported their ideology.
-A man named Jack Ruby killed Lee Harvey Oswald while he was under arrest.
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Jack Ruby killed Lee Harvey Oswald as
news cameras were reporting live.
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THE
END
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