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The changing face of waste management
and emerging markets
Andrew Craig
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1990s• 1990 Environmental Protection Act• 1991 Planning & Compensation Act (waste local plans)• Very cheap landfill – but increasing regulation (beginning of
end of dilute & disperse)• Making Waste Work (1995)• Environment Act establishes Environment Agency (1995/6)• Aspirational targets (25% recycling not achieved)• Waste estimated, not weighed - changes• NFFO incentive for EfW• Introduction of landfill tax (1996)• Beginning of producer responsibility (1997)• PPG10 and Regional Technical Advisory Bodies on waste
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Early 2000s
• Waste Strategy 2000• Statutory recycling targets (“Best Value”)• Waste Incineration Directive (end of the old
incinerators)• Cabinet Office review establishes WRAP (2002)• Regionalisation• Landfill Directive and LATS• WasteDataFlow• PFI for waste (2003)
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Later 2000s
• Waste Strategy 2007• Landfill tax escalator• National Indicators• Renewables Obligation• Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation• Courtauld Agreement & review of packaging
targets• Love Food Hate Waste
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2010 Onwards• New Government, new doctrines• “localism”
– No more local authority targets?– Regions abolished (RTABs)
• End of PFI• Fiscal deficit (public sector shakedown)• Producer Responsibility (more targets for private sector)• AD• Revised Waste Framework Directive:
– Recycling Targets– Other waste streams (C&I, C&D)– End of Waste– “R1” Formula
• Better information (2010 C&I surveys)• Renewable Heat Incentive
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Landfill tax escalator:
2011/12 £56/tonne2012/13 £64/tonne2013/14 £72/tonne2014/15 £80/tonne floor
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Possible but unlikely:• Landfill bans
• EU fines for infraction
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What these drivers will do:• “Waste management” & recycling will become less of a local
authority issue. Local authorities’ focus will be on public health, public equity – and issues of “General Interest”
• “Resources management” will become more of a private sector issue, at every level. European and world markets.
• Private sector organizations will look to resources management to meet their own needs, so:
• Information and intelligence about waste/resources will be important intellectual property (Supply chains);
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DEFRA Review of Municipal Waste Component Analyses, 2008
English municipal waste composition, 2006/7
food17%
garden14%
paper17%
card6%
glass7%
metals4%
plastics10%
Other17%
sanitary3%
WEEE2%
textiles3%
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English municipal waste composition, 2006/7
paper17%
card6%
sanitary3%
WEEE2%
textiles3%
Other17%
food17%
garden14%
plastics10%
metals4%
glass7%
Biowaste
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Biowaste
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Biowaste – driversRenewables Obligation;Renewable Heat Incentive.
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Final products
Technologies
Intermediate treatment
Waste source
Bio wastes
Supply
Dem
and
Soil Greenwaste
Agricultural Bioresidual
Food PaperCard
Wood Sludge
Household
DirectIndirect
C & DC & I PublicSector
Agriculture
Direct
Sourceseparation
Dry
Mechanicalseparation
Heat treatment D.A.F.
Wet
Non - bio Bio
Composting
IVC
AD
Non IVC
Rendering Land spread ATP Recycling Land fillMass burn Vermiculture
Gasification Pyrolysis Gas / Fermentation
Waste Ag Products Electricity Heat Transport fuel New productsGas Chem IntAnimalfeed
Forest
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Overview Of Potential Regional Waste to Bioethanol & Waste to Biomethane Value Chain
15
Waste [(MSW inc
food),Industrial,
Commercial]Waste wood
CollectionLogistics
e.g. Graphite
Resources, Impetus, Veolia,
SITA, Biffa
GasificationBTL
BIOETHANOL(Ineos Bio) H2 (longer
term)
SeparationAutoclaving(Graphite
Resources)
Farm Waste , Manure, other
wastes inc food
Anaerobic Digestion(Regional
Farms)
Anaerobic Digestion
(MW Plant Capacity)
BIOMETHANENational Grid
DigestateRegionalFarmers
Digestate RegionalFarmers
Gas Grid
Gas Engine
HH2 (longer term)
Synthetic Fuels
Chemicals
CHP
Transport Fuel
Ash to Building Products
Liquid Transport Fuel
Biogas
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NE current activityActivity: separation and autoclaving, NIBF demonstrator facility, AD Plant Location: Gateshead, Durham, Tees ValleyLead organisations: Graphite Resources, Premier Waste, CPI, Northumbrian WaterNE proposed activityActivity: fuel production, hydrogen production, anaerobic digestion R+D, fuels/chemicals biorefinery, Bio SNG feasibility study.Location: Tees Valley, Cockle ParkLead organisations: Ineos Bio, Air Products,Sembcorp/SITA, CPI (ADDC), Newcastle University (AD), IBS Project c/o NEPIC and NEB, NEPIC Bio SNG.
Anaerobic digestion
Biogas
Combustion
Electricity and Heat
Pre-treatment e.g. Graphite
Resources, Premier Waste
Gasification
Syngas
Fuels e.g.
Ineos Bio
Chemical Feedstocks e.g. Tees
Valley
Hydrogen e.g Air Products
SNG (NEPIC
feasibility study)
Organic Residues and Waste
Combustion
Electricity and Heat
Sembcorp/ SITAWilton 11
NWL
Lignocellulosic Crops and Residues
Bio Methanol
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English municipal waste composition, 2006/7
paper17%
card6%
sanitary3%
WEEE2%
textiles3%
Other17%
food17%
garden14%
plastics10%
metals4%
glass7%
Plastics
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Plastics
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Plastics – drivers:Producer Responsibility (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 (as amended)Future cost of carbon.
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Total Plastic Packaging based on 2,180,764 tonnesNot recycled 1,663,923 tonnes
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Estimated 2020 Packaging Levels & Recoup 2020 Recycling Estimates
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Paper & CardEnglish municipal waste composition, 2006/7
sanitary3%
WEEE2%
textiles3%
Other17%
food17%
garden14%
plastics10%
metals4%
glass7%
paper17%
card6%
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Paper & Card: Drivers:Producer Responsibility (packaging),Industry energy costs
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Metals
English municipal waste composition, 2006/7
paper17%card
6%
sanitary3%
WEEE2%
textiles3%
Other17%
food17%
garden14%
plastics10% metals
4%glass7%
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Metals
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Metals – drivers:Producer Responsibility (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 (as amended);Industry energy costs.
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English municipal waste composition, 2006/7
paper17%
card6%
sanitary3%
WEEE2%
textiles3%
Other17%
food17%
garden14%
plastics10%
metals4% glass
7%
Glass
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Glass
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Glass – drivers:Producer Responsibility (Packaging Waste) Regulations 1997 (as amended);Industry energy costs.
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English municipal waste composition, 2006/7
paper17%card
6%
sanitary3%
WEEE2%
textiles3%
Other17%
food17%
garden14%
plastics10% metals
4%glass7%
WEEE
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WEEE
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WEEE – Drivers:Producer Responsibility (WEEE Directive);Key material/resource security.
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What these drivers will do:• “Waste management” & recycling will become less of a local
authority issue. Local authorities’ focus will be on public health, public equity – and issues of “General Interest”
• “Resources management” will become more of a private sector issue, at every level. European and world markets.
• Private sector organizations will look to resources management to meet their own needs, so:
• Information and intelligence about waste/resources will be important intellectual property (Supply chains);
• Biowastes and, eventually, plastics will become commodities as fossil resources become more expensive and riskier, technologies improve and Government interventions have unintended consequences;
• Simple, single solutions (landfill, mass burn EfW) will become a thing of the past.
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The new role of the local authority in resources management• Planning
• Local leadership
• Joined up closed loops (AD, District Heating)
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The new role of the local authority in resources management• Planning
• Local leadership
• Joined up closed loops (AD, District Heating)
• Partnerships with private sector
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The new role of the local authority in resources management• Planning
• Local leadership
• Joined up closed loops (AD, District Heating)
• Partnerships with private sector
• Public education
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The role of the private sector
• Investment
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The role of the private sector
• Investment
• Shortening value chains
• Managing carbon – more efficient resources management:– Meet Statutory targets– Reduce carbon/energy costs
• Partnerships with local authorities
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The role of the private sector
• Investment
• Shortening value chains
• Managing carbon – more efficient resources management:– Meet Statutory targets– Reduce carbon/energy costs
• Partnerships with local authorities
• Public education
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The role of the private sector
• Investment
• Shortening value chains
• Managing carbon – more efficient resources management:– Meet Statutory targets– Reduce carbon/energy costs
• Partnerships with local authorities
• Public education
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The role of the private sector
• Investment
• Shortening value chains
• Managing carbon – more efficient resources management:– Meet Statutory targets– Reduce carbon/energy costs
• Partnerships with local authorities
• Public education
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Building Critical Mass in North East England
Building Critical Mass in NE England
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