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Tenses•Present Simple.
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• Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again.
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• Examples-I speak English.-We live in Ruhango.-Banyarwanda speak a lot of
Kinyarwanda
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•Use present tense about things which are always true.
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Examples -Monkeys eat bananas. -The sun rises and sets. -Water boils at 1000c.
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•After “he, she, it, Peter, our house” (3rd person singular), the verb has an “s” at the end.
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I liveYou liveHe/she/it lives here.We liveYou liveThey live
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So, for example, you say:
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-I live in Muyunzwe. -They live in Muyunzwe.
But He lives in Muyunzwe. -Linda lives in Kigali.
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• More examples. -Peter likes James. -It rains a lot in England. -The film starts at 9 o’clock.
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•NB: Notice these spelling changes in the third person singular (he, she, it).
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-y changes to –ies. - Cry -cries, try -tries
-s, -ch, -sh -x add es.
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-Guess -guesses-watch -watches-mix -mixes-Wash -washes
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-o adds –es:-do -does-go -goes
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•Make questions in the present simple with “Do”/ “Does”....?
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•Make I, We, You, They questions with “Do”...?•Make he, she, it questions with “Does”...?
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Do IDo youDoes heDoes she know Does it the answer?Do weDo youDo they
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•Examples.-Do they live here?-Do Kenyans eat snakes?-Does he go out to work?
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-Does this bus stop at Buhanda?
-Does this dog bite?
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• Notice that after “does”, there is never an “s” at the end of the main verb. The main verb is in the infinitive. Compare these sentences.
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(a)He lives in London.
(b)Does he live in London?
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•Answer questions which begin with “Do” and “Does” like this:
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(i) Do you speak English? –Yes, I do. -No, I don’t
(do not).(ii) Does he speak English? –Yes, he
does. 0r No, he doesn’t (does not).
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•Use don’t/doesn’t before the verb to make it in negative. Use don’t after I, You, we, and they. Use doesn’t after he, she, it.
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I don’tYou don’tHe/she/it/doesn’tWe don’t understand.You don’tThey don’t
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• Examples.(i)I don’t remember his name.(ii)Tim doesn’t live here.(iii)We don’t watch television
every morningỊ(iV)It doesn’t work.
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•Notice that there’s no “-s” at the end of the main verb after doesn’t. Compare the following sentences:
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(a)He likes meat.(b) He doesn’t like meat.
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Remember this:(cont..)
I speakYouSheHe speaksIt English.WeYou speakThey
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IDo you
heDoes she Speak
English?it
Do weyouthey
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IYou don’tHeShe doesn’tIt Speak
English.WeYou don’tThey
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•“Do/Does as the main Verb.”
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i) He does the cooking.ii) I do the shopping.iii) Does he do the housework?iv) She doesn’t do her home
work every night.
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Auxilliary
Main verb
I do the shopping.
Does he do the cooking.
She does n’t do her homework.
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(2)THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE.
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• “Use the Present Continuous Tense when you talk about what is happening now.”Form the present continuous with the present of the verb to be and the verb +ing
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Examples. a) I’m (I am) thinking. b) You are (you’re)
reading. c) The telephone’s ringing.
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d) She’s writing a book about birds.
e) We’re landing. f) They’re coming.
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NB: Another name for continuous is “progressive”(cont...)
• Form the negative with “not” like this.
(i)I’m not listening.(ii)You’re not helping.(iii)It’s not training.They’re not trying.
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-You can also form the negativewith “n’t” like this(cont...)
1) You aren’t listening.2) It isn’t raining. But, You
always say, “I’m not (Never amn’t).
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-Form questions like this.(cont...)
a) What are you doing?
b) Who’s that talking to you?
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• NB: The 4llowing verbs are not usually used in the present continuous, (hear, see, hate, love, like, believe, mean, understand, know, remember, forget, want, seem, own, belong.) These verbs have only one present tense, the present simple.
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Examples.(Cont...)
(i)I like this soup. (ii)I don’t understand you. (iii)What do you mean? (iv)I forget his name.
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NOTE: (cont...)a) I’m not working. Am I working?
(b) You’re not working. Are you working?
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(c) He’s not working. Is he working?
(d) She’s not working. Is she working?
(e) It’s not working. Is it working?
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(f) We’re not working. Are we working?
(g) You’re not working. Are you working?
(h) They’re not working. Are they working?
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(3)PRESENT SIMPLE OR PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
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–The present simple, “He smokes” and the present continuous “He is smoking” don’t mean the same.
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• “He plays football” means that he often plays football.• “He’s playing football”
means that he‘s playing football just now.
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More examples
(i)She plays the guitar. (ii)It eats grass.
(iii)She’s playing the guitar. (iv)It’s eating grass.
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• (iii)He repairs shoes.
-He’s repairing shoes.•He hunts tigers. -He’s hunting tigers.
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PAST SIMPLE (REGULARVERBS)
•“Use past simple when you talk about things which took place in the past and got finished, i.e. before now.”
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Examplesa)I missed the bus this
morning. (b)They arrived at 7.30
(c)He died last year.
(d) It rained all last summer.
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• In all the above sentences, there’s a word that tells you when something happened. You can also use the “Past Simple” without words or phrases like this;
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-He answered the telephone.
- They waited for the bus.-We travelled to Kigali.
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•Form questions in past simple with “did” + the main verb. The main verb has no –ed at the end. It‘s in the infinitive.
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Examples
(i)Did you remember her birth day?
(ii)Did you watch the film last night?
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•You usually answer questions like this with “did”/ “didn’t”.
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Examples
• Did she like the film?
a) Yes, she did. b)No, she didn’t.
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-Did they arrive late yesterday?
a) Yes, they did.
b) No, they didn’t.
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You can ask questions in the past simple like this:
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1) Who did you talk to? 2) How did you crash?
3) When did you finish work?
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•Use didn’t (did not) before the verb to make it in negative.
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Examples
(i) It didn’t rain last month.(ii) I didn’t like film.(iii) My wife didn’t cook food
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•The main verb is in the infinitive e.g. “rain.”
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•NB:, you can use do/does/did as an auxiliary verb in questions and in negative statements.
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Questions NegativesPresent Do you
Does she
Speak English?
I don’tHe doesn’t
Speak English.
Past Did you/he
I didn’t
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• PAST SIMPLE- IRREGULAR VERBS.
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Present Past Examplesmeet met They met in
1920.buy bought I bought a
new car yesterday.
leave left The train left at 9.37.
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•Form the negatives in the same way as with regular verbs with didn’t before the main verb in infinitive.
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•Form questions in the same way with “Did......?” and the infinitive of the verb
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THE PAST SIMPLE WITH “AGO”
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•Use the past simple with “ago” when you want to say when something happened in the past.
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Examples
-The film started ten minutes ago.
-He rang you two hours ago.- I saw her three days ago.
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-We bought this house six months ago.
-He died long ago.
![Page 76: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
•NB: You always put ago after the time.
- If you want to know when something happened in the past, you can ask: How long ago......?
![Page 77: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Examples
(a) How long ago did you arrive?
(b) How long ago did you buy it?
![Page 78: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
(c) How long ago did she ring me?
USED TO.
![Page 79: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
•Use “used to” to talk about past habits or things which people did in the past but not now.
![Page 80: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
Examples
(i) I used to go to church every Sunday.
(ii) He used to ride a motorbike.
(iii) They used to live in London.
![Page 81: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
(iv)I used to like sweets.
(v)She used to work in a super market.
![Page 82: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
•NB: “used to” is followed by the infinitive without to.
![Page 83: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
•You can also use “used to” to talk about things which were true in the past but are not true now.
![Page 84: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
Examples
(a)I used to have a lot of hair.
(b)Oil used to be cheap. (c)I used to think that English was difficult.
![Page 85: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
• Ask questions with “used to” like this.
-Did you use to have a motorbike? -Did you use to go to school? -Did you use to have a long hair?
![Page 86: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
•Make negatives like this. a) She didn’t use to like
him. or - I never used to like milk.
![Page 87: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
b) He didn’t use to be so fat.
c)We never used to have any money.
![Page 88: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
• (4) PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE.
![Page 89: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
•Use the past continuous when you talk about things which were happening at a particular time in the past.
![Page 90: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The action started before and probably went on after that particular time.
![Page 91: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Example
“They were still playing cards at 4 o’clock.”
![Page 92: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
This means, they started playing cards before 4 o’clock, and they probably continued after wards.
![Page 93: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
11.00? 4.00 5.00?They started Playing cards.
They werePlaying cards.
They stopped Playing cards.
![Page 94: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
More examples
- We were having breakfast before 7.30.
![Page 95: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
This means, they started having breakfast before 7.30, and they probably continued after 7.30.
![Page 96: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
-It was still raining at lunch time.
![Page 97: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
•Form the “Past continuous” with the past of the verb to be (was/were) and a main verb in+-g.
![Page 98: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
I was
Sleeping.
You wereHeSheIt
was
WeYouThey
were
![Page 99: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
• PAST THE CONTINUOUS OR PAST SIMPLE.
![Page 100: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
•These 2 tenses do not exactly mean the same. Compare the following
![Page 101: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
(a) I had dinner at 8 o’clock. (Past simple.)•This means, he started to have dinner at 8 o’clock
![Page 102: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
(ii) I was having dinner at 8 o’clock.• It means that he started to
have dinner before 8 o’clock and probably continued after 8 o’clock.
![Page 103: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
THESE TENSES AFFECT EACH OTHER
![Page 104: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
•e.g. (a) Lucky was washing her hair when the phone rang.
2 affected the 1 action.
![Page 105: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
(b)He was driving home when the police stopped him
(c)I was dreaming when you woke me.
![Page 106: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
(d)We were dancing when he stepped on my foot.
![Page 107: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
• In all these examples, something was happening when something else happened. The past continuous comes before past simple but, it’s commutative
![Page 108: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
•FORMING QUESTIONS WITH THE PAST CONTINUOUS.
![Page 109: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
(a) He was having dinner when she rang.
Qn: Was he having dinner when she rang?
![Page 110: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
More examples-What were you doing at 11 o’clock Last night?
- Were you having dinner when I rang?
![Page 111: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
-Where were they standing when the bomb exploded?
![Page 112: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
•NB: You can also use “While” or “as” in this kind of sentence, like this:
![Page 113: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
•While I was shaving, I had a brilliant idea.•As he was crossing the road, a bus knocked him down.
![Page 114: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
• Notice that “while”/ “as” always comes just before the verb in the past continuous. It does not matter which part of the sentence comes first. So, we can also say;
![Page 115: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
•A bus knocked him down as he was crossing the road.•I had a brilliant idea while I was shaving.
![Page 116: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
•PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE.
![Page 117: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
•Use the Present Perfect Simple to talk about an action in the past which also has an effect or result in the present.
![Page 118: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Examples
•He’s lost the keys.•This means, he lost the keys sometime in the past and as a result, he can’t open the door.
![Page 119: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
• (ii)The tax has arrived.• (iii)We’ve borrowed the money from the bank.• (iv)He’s had an operation.
![Page 120: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
•NB: Form the Present Perfect Simple with the present of “have” (have/has)+ the third part of the verb(Past Participle).
![Page 121: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
Infinitive past Past Participle
start started startedborrow borrowed borrowedlift lifted lifted
![Page 122: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
•Many verbs don’t form the past participle with “-ed” They are irregular.
E.g.: You’ve grown. Grown is the past participle of the verb grow.
![Page 123: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
Infinitive past Past Participle
grow grew grown
![Page 124: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
More examples
•I’ve forgotten your name.•He has cut his finger.
![Page 125: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
• FORM QUESTIONS LIKE THIS;•Have you posted my letter?•Has he danced with her?•What have you bought?
![Page 126: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
• FORM NEGATIVES LIKE THIS;• I haven’t shaved.• She hasn’t brushed her hair.• You haven’t answered my
questions
![Page 127: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
•Use the present Perfect Simple with “yet” in questions if you want to know if something you are expecting has or hasn’t happened.
![Page 128: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
Examples
•Has the Postman come yet?•Have they finished yet?•Has he taken his medicine yet?
![Page 129: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
•Use the negative Present Perfect Simple with “yet” like this:
![Page 130: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/130.jpg)
-He hasn’t got up yet. -We haven’t had breakfast yet.
-You haven’t been in the water yet.
![Page 131: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/131.jpg)
•Use the Present Perfect Simple with “already” in positive sentences like these;
![Page 132: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/132.jpg)
•I’ve already eaten.•The film has already started.•It’s already left.
![Page 133: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/133.jpg)
•Use the Present Perfect Simple with “just” when you talk about something that happened a very short time ago.
![Page 134: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/134.jpg)
Examples
• They’ve just come back from holiday.•He’s just scored a goal.• I’ve just made a cup of tea.
Would you like some?
![Page 135: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/135.jpg)
•PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE OR PAST SIMPLE
![Page 136: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/136.jpg)
•Difference between Pres.Perf. Simple and Past Simple.
![Page 137: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/137.jpg)
•(a) He painted the house white. (Past Simple). The house may at present be yellow or red.
![Page 138: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/138.jpg)
• (b) He’s painted the house white.(Present Perfect) This means he painted the house white at some time in the recent past and it’s still white now. His past action has a result in the present (now).
![Page 139: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/139.jpg)
More examples
•Tom bought a Mercedes Benz. (Past simple)•He’s bought a Mercedes Benz.(Present Perfect)
![Page 140: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/140.jpg)
•Di you see that film?(Past Simple)•Have you seen that film?(Present Perfect)
![Page 141: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/141.jpg)
•Present Perfect Simple with “for” or “since”.
![Page 142: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/142.jpg)
• (a) I’ve had these boots for ten years.
-This means, he got the boots ten years ago, and he still has them.
![Page 143: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/143.jpg)
• (b) Ruth has been member of the club for five years.
- Became a member of the club five years ago and is still a member of the club.
![Page 144: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/144.jpg)
• (c) We’ve lived in this house since 1931.
-They moved into the house in 1931 and they are still living there.
![Page 145: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/145.jpg)
•d) He taught in this school since he left the university.
![Page 146: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/146.jpg)
- Started teaching at the school immediately he left the university and he still teaches there now.
![Page 147: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/147.jpg)
• You can also use the Present Perfect Simple with a period of time which has not yet finished, like today, this week, this month, this year... Compare the following.
![Page 148: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/148.jpg)
-The weather has been terrible this month. (Pres. Perf.-It’s still terrible.)
-The weather was terrible last month.(Past Simple,-a finished period of time.)
![Page 149: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/149.jpg)
More examples
(a) You haven’t eaten all day. (b)We’ve only had two
customers all evening. (c)How much have you
earned this month?
![Page 150: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/150.jpg)
•Use the Present Perfect Simple with “never” in sentences like these.• Use the Present Perfect
Simple with “never” in sentences like these.
![Page 151: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/151.jpg)
(I ) I never hit him before. (ii)We’ve never been to
America. (iii)He’s never had a
girlfriend.
![Page 152: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/152.jpg)
•Use the Present Perfect Simple with “ever” like this;
![Page 153: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/153.jpg)
•Have you ever ridden a motorbike?•Have you ever won?•Has Kevin ever made a mistake?
![Page 154: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/154.jpg)
•Use the Present Perfect Simple with “recently” and “lately” when you talk about something which happened not long ago.
![Page 155: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/155.jpg)
• The weather has been terrible lately.• I haven’t worn these
trousers recently.•Have you been to the
dentist lately?
![Page 156: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/156.jpg)
Remember this
Use the Present Perfect
Use the Past Simple
About things which happened some time in the past but still have an effect in the present.
About things which happened in the past and are finished now with words and phrases like these below.
![Page 157: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/157.jpg)
just yesterdayyet/already last weekever/never two years agoFor/since On MondayRecently/lately In 1980Today/this week...
when I was young
![Page 158: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/158.jpg)
• PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
![Page 159: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/159.jpg)
• Use the Present Perfect Continuous when you talk about an action which continued for some time in the past and then, a short time ago, stopped. The action still has an effect or result in the present.
![Page 160: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/160.jpg)
Examples
• She’s been running.• This means, she was running
in the past and then she stopped a short time ago- she’s still feeling tired.
![Page 161: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/161.jpg)
More examples
(i)We have been playing volleyball.
(ii) They’ve been fighting.(iii) She’s been washing her hair.
![Page 162: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/162.jpg)
• In the last example, she has stopped washing the hair but you can see the result of the action –“her hair is still wet” for example.
![Page 163: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/163.jpg)
•Form the “Present Perfect Continuous” like this.
![Page 164: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/164.jpg)
IYou have
been running.
HeSheIt
has
WeYouThey
have
![Page 165: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/165.jpg)
• Form questions like this
![Page 166: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/166.jpg)
•Have you been fighting?•What has he been doing?•What have you been eating?
![Page 167: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/167.jpg)
•Form negatives like this
![Page 168: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/168.jpg)
• You haven’t been listening.• He hasn’t been swimming.• I haven’t been watching.
![Page 169: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/169.jpg)
• Present Perfect Continuous with “for”.
![Page 170: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/170.jpg)
• Use the Present Perfect Continuous, followed by “for” + a period of time, for example an hour, two years, 100 years... This means, the action started in the past but is still continuing now.
![Page 171: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/171.jpg)
• In the example “He’s been talking for an hour,” the person on the telephone box started to talk an hour ago and is still talking now.
![Page 172: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/172.jpg)
Look at this diagram.
Past Present8.00 9.00He started to talk.
He’s still talking.
![Page 173: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/173.jpg)
More examples
• You have been driving for five hours.• It’s been raining for three
years.• She’s been sleeping for twelve
hours.
![Page 174: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/174.jpg)
•Form questions like this
![Page 175: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/175.jpg)
• How long have they been playing for?/For how long have they been playing?• Have you been waiting for
long?
![Page 176: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/176.jpg)
•PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS WITH “SINCE.”
![Page 177: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/177.jpg)
•You can also use the Present Perfect Continuous, followed by “since” + the time when something started.
![Page 178: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/178.jpg)
Examples
•It has been raining since Monday.•This means, it started to rain on Monday and it’s still raining.
![Page 179: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/179.jpg)
• They have been living there since 1980.• I’ve been trying to ring you
since Friday.• She’s been talking on the
phone since I came here.
![Page 180: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/180.jpg)
“for” or “since.”•Use for with periods (lengths of time),for example:•Ten minutes, three weeks, twenty years...
![Page 181: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/181.jpg)
•Use “since” with times, dates or actions in the past, for example:
![Page 182: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/182.jpg)
•Since 4 o’clock, since last Monday, since 3rdMay, since they arrived, since the end of the war.
![Page 183: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/183.jpg)
•PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
![Page 184: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/184.jpg)
•Use the Past Perfect-had +Past Participle-for an action which happened before another action(or time in the Past.)
![Page 185: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/185.jpg)
Examples
•The plane landed a (4 o’clock). We arrived at (4.30).Later when we describe what happened, we say;
![Page 186: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/186.jpg)
• “The plane had already landed when we arrived.”
![Page 187: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/187.jpg)
•The first thing to happen is in Past Perfect-had landed. The second thing to happen is in the Past Simple-arrived.
![Page 188: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/188.jpg)
More examples
• After he’d done her home work, he watched television.• The shops had already closed
before I got there.• As soon as they’d left, we went
to bed.
![Page 189: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/189.jpg)
•You can also put the first thing to happen (the past perfect) at the end of the sentence:
![Page 190: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/190.jpg)
•When the Police arrived, the thieves had gone.• By the time I rang her, she’d gone out.
![Page 191: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/191.jpg)
•He died soon after he’d the operation.
- John was late. He had missed the bus.
![Page 192: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/192.jpg)
• It makes no difference if the Past Perfect comes before or after the Past Simple. The meaning stays the same.eg;
![Page 193: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/193.jpg)
•When the Police arrived, the thieves had gone.•The thieves had gone when the Police arrived.
![Page 194: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/194.jpg)
•Instead of “a second action,” you can use the “a time” in the past.
![Page 195: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/195.jpg)
Examples
•I had spent all my money by Friday.• At 8 o’clock, they still hadn’t arrived.
![Page 196: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/196.jpg)
•Form the Past Perfect with had +the third part of the verb (the past participle).
![Page 197: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/197.jpg)
Examples
• The plane had landed
![Page 198: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/198.jpg)
•Form questions and negatives like this;
![Page 199: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/199.jpg)
•Had they arrived when you came?•Had he already went to bed when you phoned?• -No, he hadn’t.
![Page 200: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/200.jpg)
•On Monday, the letter still hadn’t arrived.
![Page 201: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/201.jpg)
•PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
![Page 202: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/202.jpg)
•Use the Pas Perfect Continuous (had +been + ...ing) when you talk about something which continued up to a time in the past.
![Page 203: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/203.jpg)
Examples
• The runner continued to run for two hours. Then, at a time in the past he collapsed. When you describe what happened, you say:
![Page 204: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/204.jpg)
•He had been running for two hours when he collapsed.
![Page 205: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/205.jpg)
More examples
• I had been sleeping for seven hours when they woke me.•We had been driving for
4hours when we stopped for a cup of tea.
![Page 206: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/206.jpg)
•Billy had been looking for the job for months when he finally got one.
![Page 207: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/207.jpg)
•Form the Past Perfect Continuous like this:
![Page 208: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/208.jpg)
IYouHe/She/ItWeYouThey
had (not) beenrunning.sleeping.working.
![Page 209: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/209.jpg)
Had
Iyouhe/she/itweyouthey
beenrunning?sleeping?working?
![Page 210: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/210.jpg)
•
FUTURE-“GOING TO.”
![Page 211: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/211.jpg)
• The future is the time to come, “after now.” When you talk about what you plan to do or intend to do in the future, use “going to...”
![Page 212: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/212.jpg)
•Form this future with the verb “be” + “going to”.
![Page 213: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/213.jpg)
I’m(I am)You’re(you are)He’s(he is)She’s(she is)
going to sleep.
![Page 214: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/214.jpg)
It’s(it is)We’re(we are)You’re(you are)They’re (they are)
sleeping.
![Page 215: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/215.jpg)
Examples
•I’m going to get up early tomorrow.•She’s going to move to a new flat.
![Page 216: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/216.jpg)
•Form the negative with “not” like this;
![Page 217: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/217.jpg)
•I’m not going to marry him.•We’re not going to have holiday this year.
![Page 218: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/218.jpg)
•Form questions and short answers like this;
![Page 219: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/219.jpg)
•Are you going to get up today? -No, I am not.
-Yes, I am.
![Page 220: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/220.jpg)
•Are you going to play tennis?
-Yes, we’re. -No, we aren’t.
![Page 221: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/221.jpg)
•Is she going to marry him?-Yes, she is.-No, she isn’t.
![Page 222: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/222.jpg)
•Is she going to marry him?
-Yes, she is.-No, she isn’t.
![Page 223: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/223.jpg)
•Form questions with question words like this:
![Page 224: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/224.jpg)
•Who are you going to meet?•What film are they going to see?
![Page 225: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/225.jpg)
•When is she going to see him?•How are you going to answer this question?
![Page 226: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/226.jpg)
•You can also use the future with “going to” when you can see that something is going to happen.
![Page 227: Tenses Present Simple.. Use the “present simple” when you talk about what people do all the time, or again and again](https://reader036.vdocuments.site/reader036/viewer/2022062407/56649d955503460f94a7dda4/html5/thumbnails/227.jpg)
or when you think or understand that something is going to happen soon.
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Examples
• It’s going to fall. •Peter is going to miss the bus.
-It’s going to rain.
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• She’s going to have a baby.• We are going to get drunk.
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• FUTURE-(SHALL/WILL).
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•Use the future with “will” when you talk about what will probably happen in future. You can’t control or change it.
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Examples•It will soon be summer.
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•The next bus to Kigali will leave at 12.00noon.•The sun will rise tomorrow.
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•You can shorten “will” when you speak like this;
I’ll we’ll he’ll they’ll...
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•You can also use “shall’ in the first person, singular and plural.
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Examples
•I shall need a new passport in November.•We shall be in Rubavu in an hour.
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•When you speak, shorten “shall” as; I’ll we’ll .
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•Form questions like this;
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•Will you write to me?•Will there be a lot of people there?
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•How much will it cost?•When will they arrive?
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•Use shall in questions like this:
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•Form the negative with “won’t.” This is short form for will not.
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Examples
•I won’t finish this work today.•They won’t understand you.
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• WILL OR GOING TO?
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•The future with “will” and the future with “going to” often mean the same.
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Exampls•It’ll be hot tomorrow. •It’s going to be hot tomorrow.
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•What will happen?•What’s going to happen?
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•Compare these sentences:
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• He’ll be eighteen next week.• He’s going to have a party.
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• In sentence “a”, we state a fact. We can’t control or change it. In sentence “b”, we are talking about his plans or intentions.
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Other examples
(1)I’ll see him tomorrow. We always catch the same bus.
(2)I’m going to see him tomorrow at 7.30 outside the cinema.
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• In sentence “1”, you mean that it’s certain or probable you will see him tomorrow, because you always catch the same bus.
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•But, it’s not something you have decided or especially want to do. It will just happen anyway.
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• If you say sentence “2” you mean you have decided or planned to see him tomorrow, for some reason, for example because you want to see the film together.
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•Other uses of Will/shall.
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•Use “will” or “shall” to make offers.
-Shall I turn on the television?
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-We’ll help you. -Shall I carry that?
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•In questions, you can only use shall with “I” and “we”.•Use “will” or “Shall” to make promises.
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• I’ll write to you.• We won’t be late.
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•Use will/shall to make threats:
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• I’ll kill you.• I’ll tell your mother.
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•Use will/shall to make requests and express willingness:
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•Will you open the window, please?• Will you lend me 500F? -No, I won’t.
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•Use will/shall to express decisions.
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• It’ raining. I’ll take a tax.• The phone’s ringing. I’ll answer it.
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•Use shall (not) will to make suggestions:
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• Shall we go now?• Shall we sit down?
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Will(+)IYouHe/She/It
‘ll(will) win.
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WeYouThey
‘ll(will) win.
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Shall(+)IWe
‘ll(shall) come.
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Will(-)IYouHe/She/It
won’t(will not) win.
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weYouThey
won’t(will not) win.
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Shall(-)IWe
Shan’t(shall not) come.
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Qns-WILL
WillIyouHe/she/it
Win?
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Willweyouthey
win?
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Qns-Shall
ShallIwe Win?
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• Present Continuous for the Future.
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•Use the present continuous when you talk about future arrangements or plans.
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Examples•When are you leaving?•I’m meeting some friends at 8 o’clock.
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•What are you wearing to the party?•Who are you going with?
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•What time is he arriving?
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• In most examples, the present continuous with a future meaning and the “be going to” future mean the same. Look at these two sentences;
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•When are you leaving?•When are you going to leave?
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•They mean exactly the same.
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• Present Simple for future.
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•You can use the present simple when you talk about travel arrangements, time tables and programmes.
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Examples
•What time do we arrive?•The train gets to Mombasa at 12.48.
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•The party starts at 9 o’clock.
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