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Telecom, Wireless & Networks
Fundamentals Media, Devices, and Software Wireless Telecommunications Networks and Distributed Computing
Please discontinue use of cell phone and turn off ringer
Chapter 5
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Telecommunications
Telecommunications: The electronic transmission of signals over a medium for communications.
(cables or air)
Sender and Receiver must “speak” the same language.
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Voice Communication It has been said that
only about 16% of spoken communication is verbal
Sound waves demo demo
Wave characteristics: Frequency Amplitude Phase
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Types of Signals
Analog Signal: transmit sound using continuously varying levels of voltage.
Digital Signal: transmits data using two discrete states of voltage: high and low
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Modulation
More about wavesDifferent wavesElectromagnetic waves
Analog modulationAMFM
Examples
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Digital Modulation
What might FSKLook like?
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Signal Frequency
Frequency: the speed at which a signal changes from high to low.
Bandwidth: the range of signal frequencies that can be sent over a given medium at the same time. Often expressed as bits per second Broadband: typically 2 – 5 Mbps
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5.2
Networking Media, Devices, and Software
• Twisted pair cable• Coaxial cable• Fiber-optic cable• Radio wave• Modem
• Network adapter• Microwave transmission• Communications satellite• Ethernet
Key Terms
The fundamental components of telecommunications networks
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Networking Media Twisted Pair Cable
Used for traditional phone lines, twisted pairs of wires in plastic sheathing.
Coaxial CableUsed for home cable TV, thick copper core wire – faster than twisted pair.
Fiber Optic CableThin strands of glass are used to send light beams – highest bandwidth cable, most expensive.
Radio WavesElectromagnetic waves transmitted through the air at various frequencies.
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Radio Waves Radio waves use differing frequencies to carry
many types of information: AM & FM Radio Short Wave & CB Radio Television Broadcasts Garage Doors Openers Baby Monitors Cordless Phones Cell Phones Radio Controlled Cars and Airplanes Global Positioning Systems Wireless Computer Networks Microwave Communications
http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/radio-spectrum1.htm
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EHF
SHF
UHF
VHF
HF
MF
LF
VLF
AM Radio (535-1700 kHz)
FM Radio (88-108 MHz)
CB Radio (26.96-27.41 MHz)
TV CH 2-6 (54-88 MHz)
TV CH 7-13 (174-220 MHz)
Cordless Phones (40-50 MHz)
Cell Phones (824-849 MHz)
Air traffic Control (960-1,215 MHz)Global Positioning System 1.23 and 1.58 GHz
10 kHz
30 kHz
300kHz
3 MHz
30 MHz
328.6 MHz
2.9 GHz
30 GHz
900-MHz cordless phones
Deep space radio communications (2.29-2.3 GHz)
The Radio Spectrum
Wi-fi Wireless Networks (2.4 GHz)
300 GHz
The complete picture
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Networking Devices
Modem: modulates and demodulates signals from one form to another.
Network Adapter: Expansion card, or external device installed on a computing device used to connect to a network.
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Networking Devices
Network Control Devices: Hub/Switch
Controls flow of data between devices on a network
Router Routs packets to destinations and
connects one network to another
Wireless Access Point Allows devices to connect
wirelessly to a wired network
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15
High-frequency radio signals sent up to 30 miles through the air.
Microwave Communications
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16
Microwave Communications
Line-of-sight communications
!
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17
Microwave CommunicationsSatelliteTransmission
Line-of-sight required
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5.3
Wireless Telecommunications Technologies
• Cellular network• Cellular carrier• Global positioning system• Wireless fidelity (wi-fi)
• WiMAX• Bluetooth• Radio frequency identification• Near-field communication (NFC)
Key Terms
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Cell Phone Technologies
A cellular network is a radio network in which a geographic area is divided into cells, with a transmission tower and station at the center of each cell, to support mobile communications.
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Cell Phone Technologies
A cellular carrier is a company that builds and maintains a cellular network and provides cell phone service to the public.
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GSM and CDMA
Digital networking standards for cell phone networks are GSM and CDMA.
GSM is the most popular global standard for mobile phones
The CDMA networking standard is predominantly used in the United States where it is in equal competition with GSM.
GSM CDMA
AT&TT-Mobile
VerizonSprint
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GSM and CDMA
GSM Phones include a subscriber identity module (SIM) for security and convenient data transfer between phones.
GSM CDMA
AT&TT-Mobile
VerizonSprint
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Wireless Technologies
Aircraft Navigation
The Global Positioning System (GPS) uses satellites to pinpoint the location of receivers on earth.
How GPS works
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Wireless Technologies Wireless Fidelity (IEEE 802.11s), or Wi-fi, is
wireless networking technology that makes use of access points to connect devices to networks.
AccessPoint
• 250-1,000 ft range
• 802.11b 4.5 Mbps
• 802.11g 11 Mbps
• 802.11n 74 Mbps
• www.boingo.com
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Wireless Technologies
WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) is the next generation broadband technology that is both faster and has a longer range than Wi-fi – 31 miles!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX Seattle’s Space Needle To Become WiMax Antenna
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Wireless Technologies Bluetooth is wireless technology
that enables a wide variety of digital devices to communicate directly.
• 33 ft range
• 1 Mbps
• www.bluetooth.com
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Bluetooth
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Wireless Technologies
Infrared (IrDA) technology utilizes infrared rays to send data over a short distance wirelessly.
• 14 ft range
• Narrow-angle cone (30o)
• Line-of-sight
• 4-16 Mbps
• www.mzoop.com
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Wireless Comparison
Wi-fi Access point centered LAN
Omni-direction
Through obstructions
250 ft range indoors
11 Mbps
Bluetooth Point-to-point
Omni-direction
Through obstructions
33 ft 1 Mbps
Infrared Point-to-point
Narrow-angle
Line-of-sight 14 ft 4 Mbps