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Soil pollution and its impact on soil lifeMark Hodson
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Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact on soil life 2
Structure• Sources of soil pollution• How wide spread is the problem?• When is a pollutant a problem• Scale / level of impact• Effects• Quantifying effects• Opportunities• Challenges
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Sources of pollution
Image from: http://www.michellehenry.fr/pollution.htm
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How wide spread is the problem?
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How wide spread is the problem?
325 000 potentially contaminated sitesc. 300 000 hac. 2% of land area33 500 contaminated sites identified to date21 000 treatedEA 2009 figures
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How wide spread is the problem?
360 000 potentially contaminated sitesGerman Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety 2002 figures
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How wide spread is the problem?
40 000 potentially contaminated sitesDanish Ministry of the Environment 2009 figures
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Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact on soil life 8
How wide spread is the problem?
60 000 potentially contaminated sitesDutch Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (now part of the Ministry of Infrastructure and Environment) 2009 figuresCost estimated at 100 billion Dutch guilders in 1997 (c. 500 M € today)
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When is a pollutant a problem?
Image from: Semple et al. (2004) Environ. Sci. Technol. 38 (12)
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Mark Hodson, Soil pollution and its impact on soil life
When is a pollutant a problem
Cr(VI) vs Cr(III), Cr metal
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules
MetallothioneinsImage from: Professor Frank Shaw, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee https://pantherfile.uwm.edu/cfsiii/www/
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules
Heat shock proteinsImage from: http://www.usnon.com/expression-of-heat-shock-protein-70-in-human-skin-cells.htm
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells
Image from: http://www.kathimitchell.com/cells.html
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells
Image from: Hopkin (1989) Ecophysiology of metals in terrestrial invertebrates. Granule in hepatopancreas of a snail
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells
Image from: Cotter-Howells et al (2005) Environ. Sci. Technol. 39 7731-7740
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs
Image from: http://decenthospital.com/organs.html
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs
Surface precipitatesImage: Sonja Selenska-Pobell/Mohamed Larbi Merroun); http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9821-bacteria-skin-helps-assemble-metal-nanoclusters.html
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs
Hepatopancreas (liver + pancreas)Image: http://rioiriri.blogspot.co.uk/2008/02/bio-geekery-giant-isopods.html
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs
ChloragogImage: http://kids.britannica.com/elementary/art-67299/Earthworms-belong-to-a-group-of-worms-known-as-segmented
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs
Midgut (Cd), Cuticle (Zn)Image: http://www.cgm-gardenlife.co.uk/pages/Centipedes-Milipedes-Earwigs-and-Woodlice.html
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs
Midgut epitheliumImage: http://www.utexas.edu/tmm/sponsored_sites/biospeleology/photos.htm
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs• Animals
Image from: Field studies councilhttp://www.field-studies-council.org/breathingplaces/minibeasts.htm
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Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost
vs
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Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost
vsx x
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Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival
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Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival• Evolution
Reference
Stream
Cottage Image: Jane Andre
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Scale / level of impact• Molecules• Cells• Organs• Animals• Ecosystems
Image from: Portland State Universityhttp://ecoplexity.org/soil_model
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Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival• Population structure
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Effect on soil organisms• Metabolic cost• Survival• Population structure• Community / ecosystem
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Quantifying the effects• Diversity indices
Simpson’s diversity index (0 = no diversity, 1 = infinite diversity)
n = number of a particular speciesN = total number
1 – (-----)∑ n (n – 1)
N (N – 1)
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Quantifying the effects
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The “omic” revolutions
Image from: http://www.chemeng.ucla.edu/research/research-areas/biomolecular-engineering-and-systems-biology
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Mixtures
Image from: Jonker et al. (2004) Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23 1529 - 1537
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Summary• Pollutants are generated by all sorts of human
activities• Soil pollution is a wide spread problem• Pollutants have to be “bioavailable” to cause harm• Impacts occurs from the molecular to ecosystem
scale• Quantification is by controlled testing and
comparisons• “Omics” technologies are not yet mature• Mixtures are difficult