Skeletal System
Chp. 7
Types of Bones
• Long – femur, tibia, humorus, phalange
• Short – carpals, tarsals
• Flat – frontal, parietal, sternum, ribs
• Irregular – vertebra, mandible, coxal
Fractures
• Open – breaks the skin• Closed – encased in the skin• Simple – 1 crack• Compound – multiple cracks• Greenstick - youth• Stress – overuse problem, microscopic
breaks• Spiral – around the bone
Tendons
• Attach muscle to bone
• Achilles
• Calcaneal
• Tennis Elbow
• Tendonitis
• Carpal-tunnel syndrome
Ligaments
• Attaches bone to bone• MCL – medial collateral ligament• LCL – lateral collateral ligament• PCL – Posterior cruciate ligament• ACL – Anterior cruciate ligament• 1 degree - stretching• 2 degree – partially tearing• 3 degree – complete tear (avulsion)
Bone Structure
Bone Development and Growth
• Ossification• types• Intermembraneous• Interchondral
• Osteocytes• Osteoclast• Osteoblast
Organization of the Skeleton
• Axial • skull - head• hyoid – anchors tongue• vertebral column – backbone• thoracic cage - chest
• Appendicular • pectoral girdle - shoulder• upper limbs – arms• pelvic girdle – hips• lower limbs - legs
• Name location #
• Femur thigh 2
Axial skeleton (skull)
• 22 bones?• Sutures• sinus• Cranium – frontal, parietal, occipital,
temporal, sphenoid, ethmoid• Facial – maxillary, palatine, zygomatic,
lacrimal, nasal, vomer, inferior nasal conchae, mandible
• Infantile skull - fontanels
Sinus
• Frontal
• Sphenoid
• Ethmoid
• Maxillary
Axial skeleton (vertebral column)
• Vertebra
• Cervical
• Thoracic
• Lumbar
• Sacrum
• coccyx
Axial skeleton (thoracic cage)
• Sternum – manubrium, xiphoid process
• Ribs – true
• false
• floating
Apendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral girdle
• Upper limb
• Pelvic girdle
• Lower limb
Apendicular Skeleton (pectoral girdle)
• Hannah Montana-Bone dance - Google Video
Pectorial Girdle
• Clavical• Scapula• Humerus• Ulna• Radius• Carpals• Metacarpals• Phalanges of the hand
Carpals, metacarpals, phalanges of the hand
Humerus
scapula
Ulna and radius
• Coxal• Femur• Tibia• Fibula• Patella• Tarsels• Metatarsels• Phalanges of the foot
Pelvic girdle
coxal
Tarsels, metatarsels, phalanges of the foot
Tibia and fibula
femur
Apendicular Skeleton (upper limb)
Apendicular Skeleton (pelvic girdle)
Apendicular Skeleton (lower limb)
Joints
• Fibrous Joints – sutures, tibia and fibula
• Cartilaginous Joints – disk/vertebrate, symphysis pubis, ribs
• Synovial Joints
Synovial Joints
• 1. Ball and Socket – hip, shoulder
• 2. condyloid – metacarpals and phalanges
• Oval shape to elliptical
• 3. gliding – wrist and ankle
• 4. Hinge – convex to concave elbow, knee
• 5. pivot – ulna/radius, C-1 &C-2
• 6. saddle – metacarpal and thumb
Types of joint movement
• Flexion – decrease in angle of the joint• Extension – increase in the angle of the joint to
180• Abduction – Away from midline • Adduction - Toward the midline• Dorsiflexion – toes up• Plantar flexion – toes down• Hyperextension - past 180 • Circumduction – 360 circle at end • Rotation – pivot/twist
Types of joint movement
• Pronation – palm down• Supination – palm up• Eversion – sole goes out• Inversion – sole goes in • Retraction – chin back• Protraction – chin out • Elevation – move up• Depression – move down
Skull Quiz
• Cranium mastoid process • Frontal foramen magnum• Parietal mental foramen • Occipital sella turcica turk’s saddle• Temporal coronal suture• Sphenoid occipital condyloid • Ethmoid sagittal suture• Maxillary Zygomatic
Lacrimal Nasal • inferior nasal conchae mandible