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CHAPTER 7 GROWTH AND
DIVISION
Section 2 Early Industry
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A Revolution in Transportation
Led to dramatic social and economic changes Roads and Turnpikes
National Road=funded by the national gov’t in 1811○ Only great federally funded transportation
project of this timeMost roads were built by states, localities, and
private businesses○ By 1821, 4,000 miles of toll roads were built->
connected eastern cities (trade)Made profitable business
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A Revolution in Transportation Steamboats and Canals
Rivers offered cheapest and fastest way to move goods○ Barges moved faster and carried more
(downstream only)In 1807, Robert Fulton and Robert
Livingston stunned the nation with the Clermont○ Steamboat that made upstream travel easier
Growth of river travel=canal building growth
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Clermont
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Robert Fulton
Robert Livingston
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A Revolution in Transportation The “Iron Horse”
Railroads appeared in the early 1800’s○ Peter Cooper built Tom Thumb, carried 40
men and women from Baltimore, MD to Ellicott City, MDTraveled 10 mph
- Helped settle the west and expand trade in the U.S.
- Caused increase in national markets->iron and coal production greatly increased
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Tom Thumb
Peter Cooper
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A New System of Production Industrial Revolution- revolution in
business and industryBegan in England in the late 1700’s
○ Shift from making goods at home by hand to mass producing goods by machines in factories
Industrialization Sweeps the NorthMajor factor that lead to industry in the U.S.
was capitalism○ Free enterprise-> encouraged competition
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Industrial Revolution
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Industrial Revolution
Lowell Mills in Massachusetts
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A New System of Production
In the 1830’s states encouraged industrialization○ Passed laws that allowed companies to become
corporations->raise money by selling stockWhy did industrialization begin in the northeast?Samuel Slater-
Francis C. Lowell-Who mainly worked in the factories?Read pg. 248 (2nd column)
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A New System of Production Technological Advances
New inventions and technological innovations spurred industrial growth○ Eli Whitney= popularized interchangeable
parts○ Samuel B. Morse=created telegraph and
Morse codeLed to creation of AP (Associated Press)
Rise of Large CitiesWhy did people begin moving to cities?
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New Inventors
Eli Whitney Samuel Morse
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Rise of Large Cities
Why did people begin moving to cities? What happened as result?
Workers Begin to OrganizeBy 1860, there were over 1.3 million factory
workersLabor Unions ->were formed to improve
working conditions○ Wanted higher wages and 10 hr. work week
Established little success
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Family Farm
Until late in the 1800’s, Farming was still the U.S.’s leading economic activityEmployed more people and created most
wealth of any other industry○ Was crucial in the North and the South-> had
less industry, depended more on farming