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Digital DWDMDigital DWDMTechnologyTechnology
SCTE Rocky Mountain
ChapterFebruary 15th, 2006
Joe ThomasJoe Thomas
Director, Applications Engineering, OpVistaDirector, Applications Engineering, OpVista
BCT, BDS, BTS, BTCSBCT, BDS, BTS, BTCS
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Cable Industry Use of GbE
Video on Demand Networks
High capacity stream counts from Video Servers High Speed Internet Access
Cable Modem Termination Systems
VoIPVoice over IP
Commercial ServicesColleges, High Schools, Hospitals, Enterprises = Banks,
Insurance Companies Internal Data Networks
Customer Data Base, Phone traffic, Email, Intranet
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Video on Demand
TV
TV
GbE Interfaces
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High Speed Data Cable Modem
TVTV
GbE Interfaces
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VOIP
TVTV
GbE Interfaces
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Commercial Services
GbE Interfaces
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Internal Data Networks
GbE Interfaces
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Why the need for DWDM?
Capital Savings
Expense Savings Revenue Generation
Operational Efficiency
Reclaiming Fiber strands Maintaining one network verses 5 or more
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DWDM for Cable Dummies like me
Cable Television Technology and OpticalTechnology are similar
Analog Signals
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Signal level loss characteristics
Amplifier OperationNoise accumulation
Distortion Impairments
Tuning of channels
Accepts all protocolsDistance limited
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AgendaAgenda
Fiber BasicsFiber Basics
AmplificationAmplification WDMWDM
CWDMCWDM
DWDMDWDM
UU--DWDMDWDM
Passive ComponentsPassive Components
Effects of Data RateEffects of Data Rate
Network ArchitecturesNetwork Architectures
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Optical BasicsOptical Basics
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What is Light ?What is Light ? Most people think of light as the portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum visible to the naked eye,
however, in fiber optic communications it has aslightly broader definition.
Light is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrumfrom approximately 300nm to 2000nm.
X-RAY
ULTRA-
VIOLET INFRARED MICROWAVE RADIO
GAMMA
RAY
LOW
FREQUENCY
VISIBLE
400 nm 700 nm
30,000 m0.3 m1 mm10 nm30 pm
1019 3X1016 3X1011 109 104
4.3X10147.5X1014
Optical Region
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Spectral CharacteristicsSpectral Characteristics
Light:Light:UltraUltra--Violet (UV)Violet (UV)VisibleVisibleInfrared (IR)Infrared (IR)
Communication Wavelengths:Communication Wavelengths:
850,850, 1310, 1550 nm1310, 1550 nmLow Loss WavelengthsLow Loss Wavelengths
Specialty Wavelengths:Specialty Wavelengths:
980, 1480, 1625 nm980, 1480, 1625 nm
wavelengthwavelength
850 nm850 nm
980 nm980 nm1310 nm1310 nm
1480 nm1480 nm
1550 nm1550 nm
1625 nm1625 nm
UVUV Infra RedInfra Red
InvisibleInvisibleInvisibleInvisible
VisibleVisible
Optical RegionOptical Region
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A Fiber Optic ChronologyA Fiber Optic Chronology
Circa 2500 B.C.: Earliest known glass
Roman Times: Glass is drawn into fibers
1841: Daniel Colladon demonstrates light guiding in jet of waterin Geneva
1930: Heinrich Lamm assembles first bundle of transparent fibersto carry an image of an electric lamp filament.
1959: American Optical draws fibers so fine they transmit only asingle mode of light; recognizes the fibers as single-modewaveguides.
1960: Theodore Maiman demonstrates first laser at Hughes
Research Laboratories.
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A Fiber Optic ChronologyA Fiber Optic Chronology 1962: Four groups nearly simultaneously make pulsed
semiconductor diode lasers that operate only at -150oC.
1971: Standard Telecommunication Labs (STL) demonstratesdigital video over fiber to Queen Elizabeth at the Centenaryof the Institution of Electrical Engineers
1975: First commercial continuous-wave semiconductor laser
operating at room temperature offered by Laser Diode Labs 1975: First non-experimental fiber-optic link installed by Dorset
(UK) police after lightning knocks out communications
1977: GTE begins first trial of fiber-optic link carrying live
telephone traffic, 6 Mbit/s, in Long Beach, California.
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LightLight
Light passesLight passes throughthroughmedium boundary;medium boundary;
AirAir
GlassGlass
Light is refractedLight is refracted
RefractionRefraction
Optics FundamentalsOptics Fundamentals
Light reflectsLight reflects insideinsidemediummedium
ReflectionReflection
n (1)n (1)
n (2)n (2)
Light reflectsLight reflects insideinsidemediummedium
ReflectionReflection
AirAir
GlassGlass
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Index of RefractionIndex of Refraction The index of refraction (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in a
vacuum (c) to the speed of light in the material (v). This is writtenas: n = c/v
Simply, Index of Refraction is a relative measure of the propagationspeed of the signal.
For a vacuum: n=1; Air: n=1.0003; Water: n=1.333
Also, different wavelengths have different indices of refraction. Thisis why a prism divides the visible colors of the spectrum.
WHITE
LIGHT
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ReflectionReflection -- RefractionRefraction
ReflectionReflection
RefractionRefraction
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Bending light before your very eyes
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Snells LawSnells Law Snells Law is the property used to determine the new direction of
propagation through a transition boundary.
n1 = refractive index of
medium 1
n2 = refractive index ofmedium 2
1 = Angle of incidence2 = Angle of refractionn
1
n2
n1 < n2
1
2
3
1
= 3
n1
sin 1
= n2
sin 2
Incident Wave Reflected Wave
Transmitted Wave
Transition Boundary
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Total Internal ReflectionTotal Internal Reflection Beyond some maximum incident angle the ray of light cannot pass
through the boundary of the two materials and the ray is completelyreflected.
When the angle of incidence exceeds the maximum angle or CriticalAngle, we have Total Internal Reflection.
Total Internal Reflection is the property that allows fiber opticcommunication to occur.
n1
n2 n
1> n
2
c
r
c
= r
Incident Wave Reflected Wave
Transition Boundary1
2sinn
n
C=
Critical Angle
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Fiber ConstructionFiber Construction Optical Fiber is a cylindrical waveguide made of a high purity
fused silica.
The core has a refractive index slightly higher than thecladding which allows the propagation of light via totalinternal reflection.
A single-mode core diameter is typically 5-10m. A multimode core diameter is typically over 100 m.
Cladding (n2)Core (n
1)
n1 > n2Total Internal
Reflection
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Single Mode FiberSingle Mode Fiber
250m250m
CORECORECrossCross--SectionSection
COATINGCOATING
9m9m
CLADDINGCLADDING
CORECORE
CLADDINGCLADDING
CLADDINGCLADDING
COATINGCOATING
Input PulseInput Pulse Output PulseOutput Pulse
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Macro and MicroMacro and Micro--bendsbends
Macrobend refers to loss caused by bending the fiber beyond aminimum bend radius.
Microbend refers to small bends or minute deviations in thecore/cladding interface
Cladding
Core
AppliedStress
Light In
Light Out
R < Minimum Bend Radius
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Fiber AttenuationFiber Attenuation Standard SMFStandard SMF
850 940 1030 1120 1210 1300 1390 1480 1570 1660 1750
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
1.25
1.5
1.75
2
Atten
uation(dB/km)
Due to the characteristic attenuation curve of fiber, there aretwo regions typically used for communications.
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AmplificationAmplification
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Optical Line AmplificationOptical Line Amplification
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 1616
......
Attenuated ChannelsAttenuated Channels
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 1616
......
Amplified ChannelsAmplified Channels
All Wavelengths Amplified with One AmplifierAll Wavelengths Amplified with One Amplifier
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EDFA OperationEDFA Operation
(980 and 1480 nm)(980 and 1480 nm)pump signal inputpump signal input
1550 nm1550 nmbandbandsignalsignalinputinput
Erbium Doped FiberErbium Doped Fiber
amplifiedamplified
spontaneousspontaneousemissionsemissions
amplifiedamplified
spontaneousspontaneous
emissionsemissions
pump signal outputpump signal output
(980 and 1480 nm)(980 and 1480 nm)
1550 nm1550 nmbandbandsignalsignaloutputoutput
-80
-70
-60
-50
-40
-30
-20
1500 1520 1540 1560 1580 1600
wavelength
d
Bm
Spectrum of a typical EDFASpectrum of a typical EDFA
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EDFA Block diagramEDFA Block diagramOpticalInput
OpticalOutput
Er+3
OPTICAL AMPLIFIER CONTROLLER
PUMPLASER
PUMPLASER
PD PDT
Isolator IsolatorWDM(1550/980) WDM
Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) are the amplificationErbium Doped Fiber Amplifiers (EDFAs) are the amplification
device most commonly used in fiber systems.device most commonly used in fiber systems.
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Wave Division MultiplexingWave Division Multiplexing
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Wave Division MultiplexingWave Division Multiplexing
Breaking down the Concept
Wave The wavelength of light or frequency of the channel
Think of it as a CATV channel or Color of light
Division
Dividing the Spectrum Think of it as the same as the CATV channel plan
Multiplexing Combining or Breaking out of specific channels
Think of it as a CATV headend combining network Can be channel specific like a filter
Can be Broadband and non-channel specific
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Wavelengths of LightWavelengths of Light
Light travels farther in fiber at certain wavelengths
Those wavelengths are used for transmission systems
1310nm RegionUsed extensively for
metropolitan area systems
and analog video transport
1550nm RegionLight travels farther than at 1310
Components are more expensive
Used mostly for long distance
DWDM - Between 1530 and 1560
Wavelengths must be very specific
Extra components needed to lock
wavelengths to specific color
1530 1560
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Evolution of WDM SystemsEvolution of WDM Systems
WDMWDM one 1310 and one 1550 channelone 1310 and one 1550 channel
CWDMCWDM 18 Windows, 20nm spacing18 Windows, 20nm spacing
with 1 carrier per windowwith 1 carrier per window
Dense WDMDense WDM 2020 -- 40 Windows, 10040 Windows, 100--
200 GHz spacing with 1 carrier per200 GHz spacing with 1 carrier per
windowwindow
Ultra Dense WDMUltra Dense WDM Windows, 50 GHzWindows, 50 GHz
spacing withspacing with 44 carriers per windowcarriers per window
1310nm1310nm 1550nm1550nm
1310nm1310nm 1550nm1550nm
1310nm1310nm 1550nm1550nm
1310nm1310nm 1550nm1550nm
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The 6 MHz ChannelThe 6 MHz Channel
Visual Carrier
(AM)
Color Carrier
(AM and PM)
Aural Carrier
(FM)Vestigal
Sideband
6 MHz
4.5 MHz
4.2 MHz
3.58 MHz
0.25 MHz
1.25 MHz
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6
0.75 MHz
The 6MHz video channel uses Frequency Division Multiplexing toput multiple types of signals into a common RF Spectrum.
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ITU Channel WindowITU Channel Window
NTSC 6 MHz Channel Windows using Frequency Division MultiplexingNTSC 6 MHz Channel Windows using Frequency Division Multiplexing
ITU Windows using Wave Division MultiplexingITU Windows using Wave Division Multiplexing
VV
CC
AA
Wave division Multiplexing does the same thing, but at Optical frequencies(or wavelengths).
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CWDMCWDM
coarse Wave Division Multiplexingcoarse Wave Division Multiplexing
Standard channel plan developed by the ITUStandard channel plan developed by the ITU
International Telecommunications UnionInternational Telecommunications Union
20 nanometer spacing between channels20 nanometer spacing between channels
Starting at 1270nm and going thru 1610nmStarting at 1270nm and going thru 1610nm
18 Channels18 Channels
1270nm
1270nm
1610nm
1610nm
1510nm
1510nm
1570nm
1570nm
1290nm
1290nm
1310nm
1310nm
1330nm
1330nm
1350nm
1350nm
1370nm
1370nm
1390nm
1390nm
1410nm
1410nm
1430nm
1430nm
1450nm
1450nm
1470nm
1470nm
1490nm
1490nm
1530nm
1530nm
1550nm
1550nm
1590nm
1590nm
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DWDMDWDM Dense Wave Division MultiplexingDense Wave Division Multiplexing
Standard channel plan developed by the ITUStandard channel plan developed by the ITU
International Telecommunications UnionInternational Telecommunications Union
400, 200, 100, and now 50 GHz spacing between channels400, 200, 100, and now 50 GHz spacing between channels
Starting at 1530nm and going thru 1560nmStarting at 1530nm and going thru 1560nm
ChannelsChannels
1270nm
1270nm
1610nm
1610nm
1510nm
1510nm
1570nm
1570nm
1530 to 15601530 to 1560
DWDMDWDM
1290nm
1290nm
1310nm
1310nm
1330nm
1330nm
1350nm
1350nm
1370nm
1370nm
1390nm
1390nm
1410nm
1410nm
1430nm
1430nm
1450nm
1450nm
1470nm
1470nm
1490nm
1490nm
1530nm
1530nm
1550nm
1550nm
1590nm
1590nm
13101310
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Channel SpacingChannel Spacing (400GHz and 200GHz)(400GHz and 200GHz)
11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010
400 GHz Spacing400 GHz Spacing
10 Channels in10 Channels in
Amplified C BandAmplified C Band
200 GHz Spacing200 GHz Spacing
20 Channels in20 Channels in
Amplified C BandAmplified C Band
11 33 55 77 99 1111 1313 1515 1717 1919 22 44 66 88 1010 1212 1414 1616 1818 2020 11 22 33 44 55 66 77 88 99 1010 Spacing between carriers is reduced by half
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Channel SpacingChannel Spacing (100GHz and 50GHz)(100GHz and 50GHz)
200 GHz Spacing200 GHz Spacing
20 Channels in20 Channels in
Amplified C BandAmplified C Band
100 GHz Spacing100 GHz Spacing
40 Channels in40 Channels inAmplified C BandAmplified C Band
50 GHz Spacing50 GHz Spacing
80 Channels in80 Channels in
Amplified C BandAmplified C Band
11 33 55 77 99 1111 1313 1515 1717 1919 22 44 66 88 1010 1212 1414 1616 1818 2020
11 4040
11
8080
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Ultra DWDMUltra DWDM
Ultra Dense Wave Division MultiplexingUltra Dense Wave Division Multiplexing
Standard channel plan developed by the ITUStandard channel plan developed by the ITU
International Telecommunications UnionInternational Telecommunications Union
12.5 GHz spacing between channels12.5 GHz spacing between channels
Starting at 1530nm and going thru 1560nmStarting at 1530nm and going thru 1560nm
320 Channels320 Channels
12.5 GHz Spacing12.5 GHz Spacing
320 Channels in320 Channels in
Amplified C BandAmplified C Band
11 80804x Improvement in Bandwidth efficiency4x Improvement in Bandwidth efficiency
11 320320
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WDM, CWDM, DWDM, and UWDM, CWDM, DWDM, and U--DWDMDWDM
WDMWDM
CWDMCWDM
DWDMDWDM
22ndnd Generation DWDMGeneration DWDM
UltraUltra--DWDMDWDM
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Optical PassivesOptical Passives
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Wavelength MUX / DMUXWavelength MUX / DMUX
Works like a prismWorks like a prism Each port has an associated wavelength which is fixed.Each port has an associated wavelength which is fixed.
Same device can be both MUX/DMUXSame device can be both MUX/DMUX
Insertion loss increases with port count.Insertion loss increases with port count.
MM
UU
XX
White LightWhite LightPrismPrism
MonoMono--colorcolorInputsInputs
DD
MM
UUXX
TransmissionTransmission
FiberFiberMultiMulti--colorcolor
OutputOutputMultiMulti--colorcolor
InputInput
MonoMono--colorcolorOutputsOutputs
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Power Combiner / SplitterPower Combiner / Splitter
Splitter and combiner are the same device.Splitter and combiner are the same device.
They are wavelength agnostic.They are wavelength agnostic.
Any wavelength can go to any port and any port can be multiAny wavelength can go to any port and any port can be multi--wavelength.wavelength.
The power loss is the same whether it is used as a combiner orThe power loss is the same whether it is used as a combiner orsplitter.splitter.
There is no such thing as lossless combiner.There is no such thing as lossless combiner.
Ideal loss 1/n. Add 0.5 dB insertion loss for connectors and spIdeal loss 1/n. Add 0.5 dB insertion loss for connectors and splicing.licing.
To convert to dBTo convert to dB 10*log(1/n)10*log(1/n)--0.50.5
1:n1:n
Power = 1/nPower = 1/n
Power = 1Power = 1
1:n splitter1:n splitter
1:n1:n
Power = (a+b+c+d) /nPower = (a+b+c+d) /n
Power = aPower = a
n:1 combinern:1 combiner
Power = bPower = b
Power = cPower = c
Power = dPower = d
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Wavelength Add/Drop MultiplexerWavelength Add/Drop Multiplexer
DropDrop
llaa llbbDropDrop DropDrop
AddAdd
llaa llbbAddAdd AddAdd
InputInput ThroughThrough InputInput ThroughThrough
InputInput ThroughThrough ThroughThroughInputInput
Can be cascaded, butCan be cascaded, but
insertion loss increasesinsertion loss increases
with cascade.with cascade.
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Optical Add/Drop MultiplexerOptical Add/Drop Multiplexer
TapTap
FilterFilter
WavelengthWavelength
FilterFilter
AmplifierAmplifier
(optional)(optional)
AmplifierAmplifier
(optional)(optional)
OADMOADM
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Wavelength Add/Drop MultiplexerWavelength Add/Drop Multiplexer
Same dropped wavelength can be added back to the systemSame dropped wavelength can be added back to the system
(i.e. reuse), except carrying a different traffic signal.(i.e. reuse), except carrying a different traffic signal.
A wavelength filter is the same as an add/drop multiplexer withA wavelength filter is the same as an add/drop multiplexer with
only the input and drop ports.only the input and drop ports.
llaa DropDrop AddAdd
InputInput ThroughThrough
llaa
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Mux
Mux
FILTERFILTER FILTERFILTER
DeMux
DeMux
ROADMROADM ROADMROADM
HeadendHeadend
1.1. Content GroomingContent Grooming
2.2. Client InterfacesClient Interfaces
3.3. E/O and O/EE/O and O/E
Broadcast and Select ROADMBroadcast and Select ROADM
Reconfigurable Optical Add Drop MuxReconfigurable Optical Add Drop Mux
Adding & Dropping Wavelengths Dynamically and remotelyAdding & Dropping Wavelengths Dynamically and remotely
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Effects of Data RatesEffects of Data Rates
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DispersionDispersion
Polarization Mode DispersionPolarization Mode Dispersion
Single mode fiber supports two polarization statesSingle mode fiber supports two polarization statesFast and Slow axes have different group velocitiesFast and Slow axes have different group velocities
Causes spreading of the light pulseCauses spreading of the light pulse
Chromatic DispersionChromatic Dispersion
Different wavelengths travel at different speedsDifferent wavelengths travel at different speeds
Causes spreading of the light pulseCauses spreading of the light pulse
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Impacts of DispersionImpacts of Dispersion
A normal undistorted pulse has a relatively well definedA normal undistorted pulse has a relatively well defined
transition between high and low states, making it easy totransition between high and low states, making it easy to
determine a transition from one state to another.determine a transition from one state to another.
Once a pulse has encountered the effects of dispersion, theOnce a pulse has encountered the effects of dispersion, the
transition between high and low states becomes much lesstransition between high and low states becomes much less
defined as shown above.defined as shown above.
When viewed through a data analyzer, the pulse now appearsWhen viewed through a data analyzer, the pulse now appears
to beto be smearedsmeared along the horizontal (time) axis.along the horizontal (time) axis.
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Data Speed and DispersionData Speed and Dispersion
The amount of transition edgeThe amount of transition edge smearingsmearing will be the same regardless of thewill be the same regardless of the
data rate.data rate.
However, the resultant signal quality caused by dispersion varieHowever, the resultant signal quality caused by dispersion varies greatly withs greatly with
data rate.data rate.
In the above example, the both 10Gb/s and 2.5Gb/s signals have pIn the above example, the both 10Gb/s and 2.5Gb/s signals have propagatedropagatedthe same distance.the same distance.
A transition between high and low states is still distinguishablA transition between high and low states is still distinguishable on the 2.5Gb/se on the 2.5Gb/s
signal, but not on the 10Gb/s signal.signal, but not on the 10Gb/s signal.
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A bad eye with a lot ofdistortion due to dispersion
An OK eye
Timing Jitter
Noise 1
Noise 0
Eye Diagram
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Dispersion Engineering RulesDispersion Engineering Rules
2.5G Carriers Different lasers are available at different costs
80km
180km 600km
1000km with FEC
10G Carriers
Electric Compensation 120km
Fiber Compensation DCF has 7dB loss
DCM has 3.5dB loss and can not be cascaded beyond 650km
Amplification Required to over come loss
40G Carriers 40km
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UltraUltra--DWDMDWDM
Features
12.5 GHz spacing for 4 times the capacity of conventional systems
Instant upgrade to 10 Gb/s transmission
Transmission distance up to 1000 km Benefits
Maximizes revenue per fiber strand
No need to install new fiber
Eliminates need for regenerators or dispersion managementequipment
Conventional: 1ch / 50 GHz ITU window OpVista: Ultra-DWDM 4ch / 50 GHz ITU window
Basic transmission unit
2.5 Gb/s
S
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UU--DWDM SpectrumDWDM Spectrum
50 GHz ITU Window50 GHz ITU Window
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ArchitectureArchitecture
B ildi N kB ildi N k
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Building a NetworkBuilding a Network
Physical Topology Fiber strand connectivity and hub site distance and location
Traffic Types GigE
Bidirectional HSD or Business services
Unidirectional VOD
SONET OC3, 12, 48, or 192
Proprietary DV6000 Prisma
ChromaStream
Fiber Channel
Traffic Pattern Point to Point
Ring
Mesh
T ffi P tt D i A hit tT ffi P tt D i A hit t
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Traffic Patterns Drive ArchitectureTraffic Patterns Drive Architecture
Start with the PhysicalStart with the Physical
TopologyTopology
Determine BandwidthDetermine BandwidthRequirementsRequirements
Determine bestDetermine best--matchmatchphysical routingphysical routing
One Large RingOne Large Ring
Two Small RingsTwo Small Rings
Multiple Small RingsMultiple Small Rings
Hub and SpokeHub and Spoke
Dont overlook lessDont overlook less
obvious routingobvious routing
Physical StarPhysical Star LogicalLogicalRingRing
Collapsed Ring (s)Collapsed Ring (s)
Ph sic l To olog Point to Point
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Physical Topology Point to Point
Traffic Patterns Drive Architecture
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Traffic Patterns Drive Architecture
T ffi P ttTraffic Patterns
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Traffic PatternsTraffic Patterns Hub and Spoke
Packets always flow along the spokes to the hub first, then back to end points,or out to another network
Content and control is centralized at the hubs minimizes equipment at theendpoints
All spoke-to-spoke traffic is routed through hub
Ring Packets flow around a ring or down a line from node to node sequentially Content and control is decentralized each node is no more or less than another Used when there are many services that need to aggregated into a common
carrier Normal for business services - Classic SONET Ring
Mesh Packets flow to and from any node to any node Content and control is decentralized each node is no more or less than another Used when each node has need to send massive amounts of data to all the
other nodes
Typical for regional network when bandwidth switching is done at thewavelength level
Packet flow requirements, more than any other factor, drivethe wavelength routing requirements and networkarchitecture.
Optical Mesh Networks
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Optical Mesh Networks
Why Mesh?
Unpredictable bandwidth demands
Commercial Services traffic is rarely Hub and Spoke traffic pattern
Any to Any is the only safe architecture
Physical Ring
Logical Mesh
Optical Cross-Connect
SummarySummary
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SummarySummary
Fiber BasicsFiber Basics
AmplificationAmplification
WDMWDM
CWDMCWDM
DWDMDWDM
UU--DWDMDWDM
Passive ComponentsPassive Components
Effects of Data RateEffects of Data Rate
Network ArchitecturesNetwork Architectures
Do not look into laser withDo not look into laser with
remaining good eyeremaining good eye
FollowSafetyFollowSafety
InstructionsInstructions
DWDM Mux Demux network with GbE Ring
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DWDM Mux Demux network with GbE Ring
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Demux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux
E
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
C
Mux Demux ring is a series of Point to Point spans
Engineering is simple but expansion is expensive
Channel additions from A to C require modules in B and D
Protection is 1+1 and must use SONET or Layer 2 or 3 for Ethernet
OEO=$ OEO=$
VOD with Set Top Command and Control
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VOD with Set Top Command and Control
DWDM Mux E
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
C
1 2
2 x GbE
T R
1 2
2 x GbE
T R
1 2
2 x GbE
T R
1
2
3
2 Way Spliter x 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A B C D
DA
Add DropL-Out
E-Out L-In
E-In
DA
Add DropL-Out
E-Out L-In
E-In
S S C C
S C
Protection Switch
1 2
2 x GbE
T R
Headend
Hub AHub BHub C
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
DA
Add DropL-Out
E-Out L-In
E-In
DA
Add DropL-Out
E-Out L-In
E-In
S S C C
S C
Protection Switch
1 2
2 x GbE
T R
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
DA
Add DropL-Out
E-Out L-In
E-In
DA
Add DropL-Out
E-Out L-In
E-In
S S C C
S C
Protection Switch
1 2
2 x GbE
T R
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
D AD AD A
OAD1D A
A-Out
D-OutD-In
A-In
12
2 x GbE
TR
xx dB
2GbE
VOD
Hub2
2GbE
VOD
Hub3
2GbE
VOD
Hub4
2GbE VOD
Set Top Control Switch
FLT FLT FLT
Growth Growth
2GbE VOD 2GbE VOD
123
Set TopControlSwitch
Set TopControlSwitch
Set TopControlSwitch
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