St. Andrew’s Foundation Course Specification
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Science Foundation Course
Specification
St. Andrew’s Foundation Course Specification
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Table of Contents
Description Page
Course Introduction 3
Assessment
Hours of Study 5
Course Mark Structure
Student Support and Guidance
Teaching Staff 6
NCFE Accreditation
Certification
Course Content 7
General Studies 19
IELTS/English 20
EAP
UCAS
Document Review
St. Andrew’s Foundation Course Specification
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Characteristics of St. Andrew’s College, Cambridge St. Andrew’s College, Cambridge is a co-educational independent Sixth Form College and provides both boarding and on the odd occasion, day places, for approximately 160 students. It offers two year A-Level programmes, one year GCSE and a ten month and seven month Foundation programme. It is a limited company owned by Mr Mervyn Martin and Mrs Helena Martin, and run by their daughter Hanna Claydon and the Principal Wayne Marshall. A percentage of the profit is reinvested in the college each year to improve the educational provision of the college. St. Andrew’s College, Cambridge is “international” in nature and is characterised by exceptional levels of academic and pastoral support at all stages. The age range is mainly 13-21, although the college is pleased to admit a number of more mature students each year according to their individual circumstances. The main entry point is in September. However, students are also accepted in January where we offer an 18 month A-Level programme and a 7 month Foundation course. We do have students wishing to join at other times of the year as late joiners. In such circumstances, applications will be considered by the Registrar/Principal on a case by case basis. Where possible, such late joiners are integrated into appropriate groups and receive supplementary tuition to facilitate the transition.
St. Andrew’s Foundation Science 2015 - 2016
Introduction Foundation Science at St. Andrew’s is an intensive course designed to prepare students for entry to university. The specification sets out what a student should know and understand for success in course examinations. Practical work develops laboratory skills and the ability to write detailed reports on a wide range of substantial scientific investigations. The specification for each science subject (Physics, Chemistry, Biology) consists of a range of topics relevant to an understanding of scientific principles, developments in science and how these developments affect society in the 21st century. For each topic there are a number of related sub-topics that enable the student to explore the topic in question in more detail.
Assessment Each student will study Chemistry and either Physics or Biology according to choice. Marks are allocated between the examinations and practical elements of the course as a proportion of 100 per cent. Examination dates for academic year 2013-2014 will be given to you at the start of your course. Reports of scientific investigations are completed to the deadlines set.
Assessment Objectives The examination and practical elements of the Foundation Science course are designed to enable students to meet different assessment objectives. 1. Knowledge and understanding of science 2. Application of knowledge and understanding to scientific investigation 3. Science in context Assessment objectives one and three will be mainly assessed across the examinations and practical elements of the course. Assessment objective two will be mainly assessed through the practical elements.
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Assessment objective three permeates assessment objectives one and two. It will be enable students to develop:
an understanding of how engineering, medicine, technology, agriculture and many other aspects of society in the 21st century depend on science and research, and how these developments impact on the individual
ethical, safe and skilful practical skills and processes
an ability to choose appropriate qualitative and quantitative methods
the ability to make and record accurate observations and measurements
skills of analysis, interpretation and explanation of experimental and investigative activities. Quality of written communication impacts on each of the assessment objectives 1-3 and will be taken into account for final assessment. David Applin (Dr) Head of Science Academic Year 2015-2016
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Biology / Chemistry Foundation Hours of Study per Week and Topics
Subject Number of Hours per Week Number of Hours per Week
10 month course 7 month course
Biology 5 8
Chemistry 5 7
English Language 3 3
Maths 4.5 6.5
General Studies 1 1.5
ICT 2 2.5
Total Hours 20.5 29
Please see the scheme of work at the end of the document for more details on areas covered by each subject. Both 10-month and 7-month courses follow the same specification. All of the above courses will have one hour of UCAS and one hour tutor group each week.
Course marks structure 1st Exam: Preliminary exams are used for assessment only. The overall final result consists of each subject being weighted as shown below. Included in the percentage by subject are coursework, portfolios (where necessary), practicals (Biology, Chemistry and Physics) and the final exams which carry the greater weighting. Awards of Pass, Merit, Distinction and Distinction with Honours are only given when students meet the following criteria:
Subject weightings: o Biology / Physics, Chemistry, and Mathematics: 25% each o ICT and English: 12.5% each
Achievement: o Pass: 50 to 59% o Merit: 60 to 69% o Distinction: 70 to 79% o Distinction with Honours: 80% and above
Attendance: Students must have a 90% or above attendance rate in order to receive an award.
Completion of work: Students must complete all coursework on time and have handed in at least 90% of class work / portfolio work on time.
Student Support and Guidance Each student is given guidance in tutor groups and then individually for their university application through UCAS and assistance at the end of the year with university placements. Each student has a personal tutor throughout the academic year to provide not only academic support, but also pastoral care. Extra lessons are arranged when necessary to support the progress of students. The students have the opportunity to use 3 student common rooms and a computer lab area in order to facilitate study groups and a community atmosphere.
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Students are provided with a social program consisting of various opportunities to improve their social skills and to broaden their horizons through sport, the arts, travel and friendly competition. Students are encouraged to attend special talks and lectures in various places throughout the UK during the academic year.
Teaching Staff The teaching staff on the Foundation programs are all highly qualified and experienced teachers who aim to instil in their students the confidence and skills needed to achieve their best and to prepare for university and their future careers. The teachers set and maintain high standards while assisting the students in their own individual needs and learning styles.
NCFE Accreditation As the NCFE has agreed to be our awarding body, the students will also receive certificates from NCFE. One will be an award certificate and the other the breakdown of credits for each module (transcript). The certificate will state: Pass, Merit, Distinction and Fail. St. Andrew’s will still be providing our certificates to meet the needs of the universities for marks: certificates and transcript.
Certificates St. Andrew’s Cambridge provides students with a certificate of completion of the course and also a full transcript of the course with explanations to the calculations on the reverse of the transcript. Students will also receive a certificate and a transcript from the awarding body NCFE.
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BIOLOGY – Specification Summary
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3
Introduction
Cell Biology (Building Blocks of Life, Chemical Basis, Substances passing in and out of Cells, Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells, Respiration, Photosynthesis)
Organs at Work (Digestive System, Breathing System, Diseases of the Breathing System, Heart, etc.)
Exchange and Transport (Blood Vessels, Gaseous Exchange, Transpiration, etc.)
Coursework reports
Cells: Control and Adaptation
Adaptations and Functions, Cell Cycle, Cancer
Disease (Lifestyle Diseases, Pathogens)
Fighting Disease (Immune System and Vaccines)
Molecular Structure and Function
DNA, Genes and Chromosomes
Coursework reports
Ecology
Classification and evolution
Presentation
Specification detail
PART A
Cell Biology
Understand that cells are the building blocks of life
Studying cells
Different substances are the chemical basis of cells
Different substances pass into and out off cells
What are the differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Respiration
Photosynthesis
Organs at Work
Learn about the different parts of the digestive system
Understand that enzymes catalyse the digestion of food
Learn about the different parts of the breathing system
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How do different diseases affect the breathing system
Learn about the different parts of the heart
What are the causes of heart disease?
Reducing risks
Exchange and Transport
Surface area to volume ratios affect the rate of exchange of substances across surfaces
Understand how blood vessels work and link up with lymph vessels
Learn about gaseous exchange
How does water reach the tops of the tallest trees?
PART B
Cells: control and adaptation
Different adaptations enable cells to carry out different functions
The cell cycle refers to events during the life cycle of a cell
Cancer is a result of the cell cycle running out of control
Disease
Lifestyle diseases
Some diseases are caused by pathogens
Fighting disease
Why does our immune system help us to stay healthy?
How do vaccines protect us from disease?
PART C
Ecology
Populations and ecosystems
Investigating ecosystems
Energy transfer in ecosystems
Food chains, food webs and ecological pyramids
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Energy transfer through ecosystems
Energy and food production
Classification and the species concept
What are species?
o How many species are there?
o How are species maintained?
o How many species will be compared?
CHEMISTRY – Specification Summary
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3
Introduction
Atomic Structure / Amount of Substance
Bonding / Periodicity
Redox Reactions / Group 7, the Halogens
Redox Reactions / Group 2, the Alkaline Earth Metals / Metal Extraction
Coursework reports
Redox Reactions / Group 2, the Alkaline Earth Metals / Metal Extraction
Energetics / Kinetics / Equilibria Collision Theory, Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution, Le Chatelier’s Principle, etc.
Introduction to Organic Chemistry / Alkanes
Coursework reports
The Haloalkanes, Alkanes / Alcohols / Analytical Techniques
Presentations
Specification detail
PART A
Physical Chemistry
Atomic structure
Understand the importance of fundamental particles in the structure of the atom
Mass number and isotopes
Know the electron configurations of atoms and ions
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Amount of substance
Be able to define relative atomic mass and relative molecular mass
Understand the concept of a mole and Avogadro’s constant
Be able to recall the ideal gas equation
Understand the concept and relationship between empirical and molecular formulae
Balanced equations and associated calculations
Bonding
Nature of ionic, covalent, metallic and dative bonds
Learn about bond polarity
What are the forces acting between molecules?
Recognise the different states of matter
Shapes of molecules and ions
Energetics
Learn about and calculate enthalpy change (calorimetry)
Be able to apply Hess’s Law
Understand bond enthalpies and calculations
Kinetics
Understand collision theory
Qualitatively understand the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution
Effect of temperature, concentration and particle size on reaction rate
Understand how catalysts work
Equilibria
Understand the dynamic nature of equilibria including effects of changes in pressure, temperature and
concentration on a system in equilibrium (Le Chatelier’s principle)
Importance of equilibria in industrial processes
Analytical techniques
Understand the basic principles of mass spectrometry and infra-red spectroscopy
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PART B
Inorganic Chemistry
Periodicity
Be able to classify elements in s, p and d blocks
Properties of Period 3 elements as an example of periodic trends
Understand redox reactions, oxidation states and redox equations
Group 2 (alkaline earth metals)
o trends in physical and chemical properties
o flame tests
Group 7 (halogens)
o trends in physical properties, and oxidizing and reducing abilities
o identification of halide ions using AgNO3
o uses of chlorine and chlorate (I)
Extraction of metals
Principles of metal extraction and environmental aspects
PART C
Organic Chemistry
Nomenclature
Structural isomerism
Alkanes
o structure and properties
o fractional distillation of crude oils
o modification by cracking
o combustion
Alkenes
o structure, bonding and reactivity
o addition reactions
o polymerization
Haloalkanes
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o Synthesis
o nucleophilic substitution
o substitution reactions
Alcohols
o nomenclature
o ethanol production
o classification of reactions
o elimination
Organic mechanisms
Mathematics Specification Summary
This mathematics programme has been reviewed to reflect and cater for the actual mathematical
requirements of students as they progress towards their university courses. It’s designed to lay the
foundation and build a solid mathematical base essential for most engineering and further maths studies
while providing the students with a range of tools necessary for representing data, analysing, modelling
solving problems and formulating results as required in most branches of science.
MATHEMATICS – Specification Summary
Term 1 Term 2 Term3
Core Maths Further Core Maths Statistics and Probability Distributions for students taking Biology Further Maths for students taking Physics
Assessment
This course is assessed by examination (60%) and a coursework (40%).
The coursework consists of analysing, modelling and solving a real-world problem using both mathematical
and computing tools.
Pre-requisite
A good level of abilities in mathematics equivalent to or above GCSE standard is required.
Specification content
Core Maths:
General Algebra, number properties, types of number, number sets and algebraic expressions
Polynomial functions, the factor theorem, the reminder theorem
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Equations and inequalities
Common types of curve, parabolas, hyperbolae and cubics. Transformation of curves
Coordinate geometry, midpoints, distances, straight lines, circles and their Cartesian equations
Calculus principles and use, differentiation, indefinite integration, definite integration and numerical methods of integration
Sequences and series, general term, special sequences, arithmetic series and geometric series
The binomial expansion
Exponential and logarithm functions
Trigonometric ratio, graphs of trigonometric functions, identities and equations. Sine rule and cosine rule
Further Core Maths
Composite functions and inverse functions
The modulus functions
More curve transformations
Decomposition into partial fractions
Binomial series
Further trigonometric properties, compound angle, double angle, the factor formulae
Further differentiation, product rule, quotient rule and chain rule
Numerical methods using iterative methods for solving equations
Coordinate geometry, representing curves using parametric equations, parametric differentiation
More integration methods, standard functions, integration by substitution and integration by parts
Numerical methods of integration
Working with vectors Statistics
Purposes and uses of statistical methods and statistical models
Types of data, qualitative, quantitative, discrete and continuous data
Data representation and summary, the use of frequency, cumulative frequency, mode, median, quartiles, deciles, inter-quartile range, mean and standard deviation. Stem and leaf diagrams, box plots and histograms
Bivariate data, correlation and regression
Probability laws
Discrete probability distributions: the discrete uniform distribution, the Binomial distribution, geometric distribution and Poisson distribution
Continuous probability distribution, expectation and variance, the normal distribution and the uniform continuous distribution
Approximations using the normal distribution, central limit theorem
Statistics and sample statistics
Hypothesis testing Further Maths
Vector spaces and general concepts of linear algebra
Linear transformations
Matrix algebra
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Complex numbers, matrix representation of a complex number, algebraic form, modulus and argument of a complex number, Argand diagram, solving polynomial equations, Euler’s relations, De Moivre’s theorem, locus of points, transformation of the z-plane onto the w-plane
Polar coordinates
Summation of series using standard results and method of differences
Mathematical proof by induction
First order differential equations
Second order differential equations
Maclaurin and Taylor series
INFORMATION & COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY (ICT) – Specification Summary
Objective
An understanding of the impact Information and Communication Technology (ICT) has on individuals,
businesses and organisations is essential as students move from Foundation level, to University and on to
employment. The main focus of this course is to appreciate the impact of ICT in the workplace
environment. In addition, to develop effective practical computing skills and personal organisation that
supports communication and workplace activity.
Aims
The aim is to provide the knowledge, awareness of ever-changing technologies and develop the practical
computing skills students need as they progress towards university, their life goals, their chosen career and
beyond. The content is designed to help students who are taking both Humanities and Science based
Foundation Programs.
Approach
This is a practical subject assessed by a portfolio of project work and classroom tasks. A series of 5 tests
throughout the course also monitor progress. Students require no prior knowledge of computers, other
than as basic users. The syllabus is structured in a way that integrates computer skills with workplace tasks
whenever possible. For example, students use a word processor to produce a professional project report.
The syllabus includes computer hardware, operating systems, file structures and the Internet for reference
and communications activities. Students have the opportunity to continue to develop Microsoft Office
skills so they are able to produce professional documents, spreadsheets and presentations; together with
an understanding of databases and webpage design. Students also gain an awareness of ‘Internet risks’
and learn how to protect their computer, their privacy and their identity by managing these risks.
In summary, students develop the skills to use their PC effectively as they progress to university in both
Humanities and Science courses.
Learning Outcomes
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Term 1 starts with an introduction and familiarisation with the ICT environment at St Andrew’s including
procedures and rules. Following the general introduction students learn about the risks to health from
prolonged use of computers and measures to help reduce them.
As the term progresses students learn;
• How to organise files in folders and subfolders, use appropriate filenames and file extensions.
• Email software including best practise and professional standards. Understanding risks related to
the use of email such as viruses, phishing and fraud
• Understand the advantages of ICT systems. Describe the principle of an ICT system in terms of input
processing, output and feed-back loop
• Describe the components of an ICT system with definitions and examples
• Distinguish between types of software: For example Systems, applications and bespoke software
• Describe Microsoft Office applications. Understand availability of alternatives (OpenOffice)
Term 1 continues with students gaining basic Microsoft Office skills to support their work in other
Foundation subjects. They start with Word Processing and learn to;
• Create and edit Word documents, move around a document, use editing tools, understand
compatibility issues. Creating an outline, headings and sub-heading
• Use formatting tools: font, font type, and size, line spacing, indentation, alignment, bullets and
numbering.
• Work with tables
• Understand more features including, spell checker, find and replace, page layout, headers, footers,
footnotes, page numbers and table of content
• The difference between a report and other types of documents and learn how to structure a
project report
Following the Half Term Break students look at hardware and storage devices and learn;
The criteria used to describe the performance of devices.
About device software drivers.
The need to create a backup for the course files.
They return to Microsoft Office applications and learn how to use the features of PowerPoint efficiently.
Student move on to explore advanced features such as animation, master slide, templates, printing hand-
outs.
The work on PowerPoint finishes with students developing the skills to prepare and deliver a presentation.
They also gain a clear understanding of the criteria for a professional presentation. Students will continue
to have the opportunity to build their confidence with a series of presentation tasks each term.
In the final month of Term 1 students gain the skills to use features of Microsoft Excel to;
Creating a workbook, editing worksheets and formatting cells
Use formulae and functions
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Describe different data types
Understand the need for validation and verification, the difference between the two methods and a
range of validation/verifications methods
Understand the need for document protection and know how to apply it to a worksheet
Understand the difference between relative and absolute cell reference, name cell range and use
names in formulae
Describe the use of Spreadsheet to create charts and the types of chart that can be created
Know how to use the wizard to create charts
Term 2 starts by looking at an ICT solution to a real world problem. Using classwork tasks and introducing
project work this term, students learn to;
• Describe the stages of development of an ICT solution: analysis, design, implementation, testing
and evaluation
• Describe the characteristics of a user and consider them when designing an ICT solution together
with the features a user interface should have
• Understand the need for documenting the implementation and know how to organise a project
report document
• Explain the reasons for testing an ICT solution
• Describe the making up of a testing plan, layout, test data and expected outcome
Term 2 continues with students using classwork tasks and project work to review and refine their
spreadsheet skills before moving on to more challenging Microsoft Access DBMS software. They review
and learn;
• The difference between validation/verifications methods, and between relative and absolute cell
reference
• To model a situation and use software modelling tools/techniques
• Understand how to model a situation and describe how the model can be used to answer questions
in “what if “ scenarios
• To use the System Life Cycle in a practical Excel project
Using Microsoft Access, students learn to;
• Explain the concept of a Relational Database and data structures
• Understand complex Relational Database design issues such as junction tables and normalisation
• Understand issues related to data redundancy and inconsistency
• Describe the components of a database: tables, queries, forms and reports
• Describe database terminology such as: field, record, primary key
• Know how to design and create tables and queries
• Understand how data can be extracted and presented in a single report
• Know how to design and build reports • Explore more features of a database such as relationships, importing/exporting data
Term 2 concludes with Microsoft Access practical tasks and tests.
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The Final Term
In the final short term students select one of two Project Activities.
Students use Microsoft Access and report back using PowerPoint. The project is managed by the ‘system
life cycle’ to develop, build and test their work. The Access Project is based on a real world complex
relational database and further develops skills from Term 2.
Term 3 concludes with students creating a project report and delivering a presentation
The table below gives a summary
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3
Health and safety
File organisation
ICT systems
Email functions and using email
responsibly
Types of software and working
with Microsoft Office
Word Processing;
‘Word’ Features
Writing a report
‘Word’ Project
Storage Devices/Backups
Presentation Software
‘PowerPoint’ Features
Spreadsheet Software
‘Excel’ features;
Data types
Validation and verification
Cell referencing Using names
Charts
End of Term Project Report &
Portfolio
System Life Cycle User Interface Design Using Test Data and a Testing Plan Review simple Excel features;
Validation and verification Cell referencing Using names
Use Excel to model ‘What if’ scenarios
Using the System Life Cycle to
manage an ‘MS Excel’ Project
Relational Database Theory Data Structures Entities & Attributes Design & relationships
Normalisation Relational Database Software;
Access Features;
Tables and Queries Data entry Forms Database Reports
End of Term Project Report & Presentation
Using the System Life Cycle to
manage an ‘MS Access’
Project
Final Project Report &
Presentation
Law:
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The question is sometimes asked: why study law unless you plan to be a lawyer? At St. Andrew’s Law is a hugely interesting subject to study and very rewarding in terms of the skills and abilities students acquire. By the end of the course the student will have developed ability to present arguments, learned how to analyse situations, improved the ability to express him or herself with clarity, improved their skill at judging what is relevant, and developed the ability to discern situations where they need more information. All these skills and attributes will help with success in business and all careers. As the course progresses and students become more familiar with legal concepts, they are encouraged to present and discuss their own legal arguments. Skills such as analytical thinking and legal reasoning are learned and become invaluable as students engage with every day, practical legal problems. Students develop the professional skills and confidence necessary for the future in law, business, problem solving and negotiating with others both in and out of a legal setting. Studying this course will be of special benefit to the student contemplating a future in the world of business. Many legal principles are simply the embodiment of good business practice. Putting this legal principle into practice when a business enters into a binding agreement, such as a contract of sale, will help avoid misunderstandings and disappointments on either side in the performance of the contract. Much of the law studied in the St. Andrew’s course is concerned with the Common Law. This is the law which, although originating in England, has over a long period of time become the basis of the law in dozens of other countries. Examples of such countries include the United States, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and many countries in Africa and Asia. Thus, the fundamental principles learned on this course will be familiar to millions of people living under legal systems other than the English legal system. In addition, knowledge of Common Law has an even greater value today since many overseas businesses entering international transactions choose to have their contracts subject to English law and the disputes decided in the courts of the United Kingdom. This is thanks to the international reputation for integrity and independence enjoyed by the UK courts. If a student has not yet settled definitely on a future career route law is an interesting subject to study and an introduction to law might just help them settle that question. For the student who does plan a career in law - or to at least undertake a Law degree - then their legal studies at St. Andrew’s will give them a flying start in their future studies. They will embark on their Law degree at university familiar with the UK legal system and the methods of study met in UK university Law faculties, in particular the case-law method, and practised in the use of legal terminology. Much of what is learnt on the foundation course will feature in the first year of undergraduate study on the LLM Law programme at many universities. The St. Andrew’s course provides an invaluable grounding for future studies of Law at degree level, introducing the law of contract, the law of torts, the law of sale, international law and international trade law.
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3
Introduction
Law in Everyday Life
Classification of Law: Criminal/Civil
Law of Contract and Consumer Protection Introduction
Contract Law (Formation of Contract, Terms, Discharge of Contract, Breaches)
The Tort of Negligence – the concept of liability
Bringing an action in the civil courts
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Court Hierarchy
Sources of Law, Law making and the pressures for Law Reform
Advantages and Disadvantages of Reform
Advantages and Disadvantages of Judicial Law-making
Statutory Interpretation
The Separation of Powers
Concepts of Criminal Law
Offences Against the Person
Alternative Forms of Dispute Resolution
Research study
Legal Skills and Arguing
Mooting/Role Play of Legal Disputes
General Studies: This component focuses on a plethora of topics drawn from a wide range of resources. It uses discussion groups, student presentations, work sheets, video and fact finding missions to explore different aspects of 21st century living. Students are encouraged to add to the topics outlined below and present seminars with the aid of the Teacher in order to cover other important aspects of their choice.
Term 1 Term 2 Term 3
Society and Traditions
Cultural awareness
Religion in Society
Individual and Society
Tensions in Society
Human Aggression
Health issues
Financial and economic awareness
University life and League tables
Careers
Environment
Green Values
Power of Wealth
Power of Government
Technological and Scientific Change
Technological and Scientific Change
Cultural Change
Future development
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IELTS / English: English is approached on an individual basis, with each student being tested with in-house IELTS exams or on the basis of previous achievements such as a C or above grade in GCSE or IGCSE English or a proven IELTS / Pearson grade. The IELTS classes are established by level and designed to meet the needs of the student at that level and to progress at a satisfactory pace onto the next level in preparations for the IELTS exam. Students who obtain a 6.5 in IELTS during their stay at the college or arrive with a 6.5 in IELTS or above will be placed on an English Pathway course to enhance their existing skills. These courses will conclude with an English proficiency qualification, which could assist with university acceptance.
EAP - English for Academic Purposes: This component allows the students to discover, practise and appreciate the need for particular skills in English. For instance report writing, presentation skills, essay writing skills, research methods and compilation of bibliographies. These skills are an integral part of a student’s ‘tool kit’ for study in higher education.
UCAS: The UCAS process is given very careful consideration with a lot of time and effort being put aside by the tutors to ensure all the students apply to the correct universities given their ability, potential and preferences Document review:
Issue No.: 04 Document Number: STAN: BF/2015/WM/RADB
Issue Date: 1st
September 2011 Originator: Wayne Marshall
Version: 09 Responsibility: College Principal
Reason for version change: Review & Update Dated: 1st
September 2011
Authorised by: Wayne Marshall
Date: 11TH
August 2015
Signature:
Wayne Marshall
Reviewed: August 2015 Next Review August 2016.