Download - Revolution and Enlightenment
Revolution and Enlightenment
Chapter 10 Section 1
Aristotle called the shotsThe Renaissance
◦Scholars learned Latin and Greek◦Few began to question the old ways
Causes of the Scientific Revolution
New problems required observation and measurement
New instruments Telescope and microscope
New advancements in Math◦Algebra◦Geometry
New Technology and Mathematics
Scientific Breakthroughs
Geocentric Theory◦Earth was unmoving object at center of universe
◦Moon, sun, and planets move around earth
◦Beyond planets lay sphere of fixed stars
◦Heaven far beyond sphere
The Ptolemaic System
Aristotle in 4th century B.C.Ptolemy in 2nd century AD
How could you believe this?
Christianity supported theory◦God created Man◦Man is most important creation◦Man is at the center◦To disagree is Blasphemy Blasphemy is bad
Nicolaus Copernicus◦On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies
◦Stars, earth, and planets revolve around the Sun
◦Contradicted religious views Feared ridicule and persecution
◦Didn’t publish findings until year before he died - 1543
Heliocentric Theory
Johannes Kepler◦Laws of Planetary Motion◦Kepler’s First Law Planetary orbits are elliptical Sun at end of ellipse, not center
Used telescope to observe planetsThe Starry MessengerDestroyed idea of heavenly objects as orbs of light
Galileo Galilei
Catholic Church ordered Galileo to abandon his ideas◦Threatened concept of the universe Humans no longer center of universe God no longer in specific place
Problems with the Church
Galileo frightens Catholic and Protestant leaders◦Publicly silent but continues working
1632 –Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems◦Showed Galileo supported Copernicus’ theory
◦Pope summoned him to Rome to stand trial
1633 – reads confession◦Threatened w/torture◦Agreed ideas of Copernicus were false
◦Lived under house arrest Dies - 1642
Wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy – the Principia
Laws of Motion Universal Law of Gravitation World-Machine concept
Newton’s View of the Universe
◦Law of Universal Gravitation Every object in universe attracts every other object
Degree of attraction depends on mass and distance between them
What’s it mean?
Galen – Greek physician in A.D. 100s◦Teachings dominated Middle Ages◦Based on animal dissection
16th Century scientists change ideas
Breakthroughs in Medicine
Andreas Vesalius◦Dissected human corpses◦On the Fabric of the Human Body◦Filled w/detailed drawings of organs, bones, and muscle
Medicine and the Human Body
William Harvey◦On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in America
◦Heart acts as pump to circulate blood throughout the body
Robert Boyle◦First scientist to conduct controlled experiments in chemistry
◦Relationship between volume and pressure of gases
Antoine Levoisier◦System for naming chemical elements
◦Founder of Modern Chemistry
Breakthroughs in Chemistry
Scholarship was considered the domain of men◦Women belong at home with the children
Contributions of Women
Margaret Cavendish◦Criticized belief that humans, through science, were the masters of nature
Women could be astronomers in Germany◦Worked with fathers and husbands
Maria Winkelmann◦Assisted her husband◦Discovered her own comet◦Denied astronomy post at Berlin Acadamy They felt members would be appalled
Rene Descartes◦Inspired by Scientific Revolution Doubt and uncertainty everywhere
◦Doubt inspired learning◦Cannot doubt existence “I think, therefore I am”
◦Mind cannot be doubted Body and material world
can be
Philosophy and Reason
Mind cannot be doubted◦Body and material world can be
Mind and matter are completely separate◦Matter should be viewed as detached from the mind
◦Investigated by reasonWhat does this all mean?
◦Reason is chief source of knowledge
Scientists should not rely on ancient authority
Scientific Method◦Step-by-step, repeatable process for collecting and analyzing data
Bacon and the Scientific Method
Developed by Francis Bacon◦Believed in use of inductive reasoning Specific to the general Free of opinion Start with facts and proceed to general principles
Goal was to advance human life with new discoveries
Science could benefit industry, agriculture and trade