Revolution and Enlightenment
1550-1800Europe and the Americas
Chapter 17
Scientific RevolutionSection 1
Essential Question:How did scientific discoveries change people's attitudes towards natural events and religious
faith?
Causes
Renaissance Rediscoveries showed divergent ways of
thinking Different, moving apart
New Technology and Math Discovery by observation
New instruments Telescope, microscope
Algebra to solve for unknowns Trigonometry-->physics
What role did math play in the Scientific Revolution?
What role did math play in the Scientific Revolution?
Geography Skill
Turn to page 539 1.What were the nationalities of chemists
shown on the map? 2.Scientists often build on the work of other
scientists. What barriers would these scientists have to overcome to learn about the work of others?
Old Ideas
Ptolemaic System Ptolemy lived in 100s CE
Christians used his ideas to construct the geocentric Universe
Earth was the center Everything moved around it in series of
spheres
Beyond 10th was heaven
New Idea: Heliocentric Universe
Sun was the center Copernicus
1543 sun at center, moon around Earth, Earth rotated
Kepler Elliptical orbits
New Idea: Heliocentric Universe
Galileo 1610 Used a telescope
Sunspots, moons around Jupiter, mountains on the moon
They were like Earth
Church is against this Humans aren't the center?
Reading Skills
Turn to page 541 Opposing Viewpoints
Cardinal Bellarmine vs. Galileo Galilei
Read and answer together
New Idea: Heliocentric Universe
Sir Isaac Newton Mathematical Principles of Natural
Philosophy Three Laws of Motion
Ideas change world view give answers to the universe
Breakthroughs: Medicine
Didn't advance much since Roman times Galen 100s CE
1500s Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey Dissected human bodies
Basic structure Heart circulates blood
Breakthroughs: Chemistry
Robert Boyle Volume of gas
Antoine Lavoisier Periodic table
Women in Science
Maria Winkelmann Astronomer
Husband's assistant Discovered a comet
Denied university position
Philosophy
Descartes Read quote page 544
What does it mean? “I think, therefore I am”
Rationalism Reason is chief source of knowledge
Francis Bacon Scientific method
Learn by inductive reasoning
How has the scientific method shaped modern society?
Scientific RevolutionSection 1
Essential Question:How did scientific discoveries change people's attitudes towards natural events and religious
faith?
The EnlightenmentSection 2
Essential Question: How did new patterns of thought affect the ways that people studied
social problems?
Reasons
Reexamine life based on ideas of Scientific Revolution
1700s philosophical movement Progress towards a better society
By using reason
John Locke
Englishman-1600s People were molded by experience
People could be changed Society could be changed
Isaac Newton
If Newton could unlock the natural laws of the physical world then natural laws of human society could be found.
Philosophy
Philosophe French word for philosophers Intellectuals of the period
Middle and noble class Mostly French
Tried to better the world with rational criticism
Montesquieu
Used scientific method to find natural laws governing social and political relationships
Republics Small
Despotism Large
Monarchies Medium
Described checks and balances Government power separated
Voltaire
Religious tolerance “all men are brothers under God”
Believed in deism God created, set in motion and left it alone
Diderot
Encyclopedia 1772 28 volume collection Religious tolerance
Negative view of Church Social, legal, and political reforms
How are these ideas different than the previous absolute monarchies of Europe? How do they
relate to you today?
Adam Smith
Economics 1776 The Wealth of Nations
Advocated laissez-faire Government should leave economy alone
Government had three jobs: Protection from invasion Defend against injustice Public works
Critical Thinking Activity
Read about laissez-faire economics
Page 550
What do you think about Adam Smith's ideas? Why do you think that way?
Beccaria
Justice Argued against brutality in punishment for
crimes Should be no capital punishment as it does not
work “Is it not absurd that laws which punish murder,
should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?”
Rousseau
People adopted laws and government to protect property
– Then became enslaved by government Social Contract
– 1762
– Society agrees to be governed by general will• Everyone forced to abide by it
Wollstonecraft
Women's Rights Women traditional thought of as less Women begin to advocate more/equal rights
If monarch's power was wrong than men's over women is wrong
Spread of Ideas
Reading Books aimed at large groups not just elites
Magazines and newspapers
Salon Upper class meetings in homes to discuss
new ideas
Religion
Still important in people's lives By this point the Protestant churches were
lacking People wanted deeper experiences and more
excitement Evangelical Movement
Methodist John Wesley
Travel preacher, gave sermons for everyone Popular among the poor
The EnlightenmentSection 2
Essential Question: How did new patterns of thought affect the ways that people studied
social problems?
The Impact of the EnlightenmentSection 3
Essential Question: Do you think Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of
European rulers at the time?
Absolutism
Policy in which monarchs held complete power Often tied to divine rights Was popular form in 1500-1600s
How do you think absolutism led to Enlightenment ideas?
Enlightened Absolutism
Idea that monarch used Enlightenment ideas to safe keep natural laws
Geography Skill
Study map on page 5551. How did serfs fare under enlightened rulers
represented on the map?2. What evidence in the map suggests that the Austrian Empire might be difficult to govern?
Prussia
Begins expanding under Fredrick William I and his son Fredrick II Highly efficient bureaucracy
Served the king Military might
4th largest although one of the smaller countries
Fredrick II Adopted some enlightenment ideas in limited
form: Speech, religion, press Kept old social structure: serfs
Austria
Multicultural empire Joseph II
Attempted sweeping reforms Nearly all failed Alienated: nobles, the Church, confused the
peasants
Russia
Had reached power under Peter the Great Adopted Europeans ways in the late 1600-1700s
Catherine II (the Great) German wife of Peter III(not great)
Discussed reform with Diderot Couldn't afford to alienate nobles No reforms
Conditions for peasants worsen Revolt brutally suppressed Serfdom expanded
Greatly increased land holdings
Poland and south to the Black Sea
Were there enlightened absolutist rulers?
War of Austrian Succession1740-1748
Charles VI dies, no sons Daughter Maria Theresa becomes Queen
Prussia invades (Fredrick II) France enters against its enemy Austria
Austria allies with Britain Fought in Europe, India, and North America
Ends in with all territory given back except initial taken by Prussia from Austria
Seven Years' War1756-1763
Austria still mad at Prussia Britain and France arguing over colonies
France allies with Austria Russia afraid of Prussia allies with France and
Austria Britain allies with Prussia
And new war fought in Europe, India, and North America
Seven Years' War1756-1763
In Europe Prussia fights to a stalemate Gets to keep Silesia
India British force French out once and for all
North America British colonies on Atlantic
Prosperous lots of people French in the north (Canada) and interior
Few people
Seven Years' War1756-1763
French ally with Native Americans French just traded no colonies
Fighting in the Ohio River Valley and along the St. Lawrence River
French win at first British use navy to win
French cut off and lose British gain all French lands east of the Mississippi
Spain (allied with France) has to give up Florida
Arts
Nobles built lavish palaces on a huge scale Bright colors and light
Rococo Elegant styling, graceful, and delicate
Music Bach, Handel, Haydn, and Mozart
Literature More focused on social issues
The Impact of the EnlightenmentSection 3
Essential Question: Do you think Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of
European rulers at the time?
The American Revolutionsection 4
Essential Question: How did the American Revolution reflect Enlightenment ideals?
United Kingdom of Great Britain
1707 England and Scotland unite Parliament comes to control under ministers
appointed by the monarch 1714 Hanoverians
German relations of last Stuart ruler of Britain George I and II
Didn't speak English or know how Parliament worked Minister William Pitt
Middle class wanted expansion and he expanded
British Colonies in North America
Controlled by Britain in theory Actual had own systems
Distance was to great
Population of over 1 million Prosperous
American Revolutions Begins
Needed money after Seven Years' War and army to protect the colonies New taxes 1765
Colonies complain and begin to organize 1774 organize militias
British try to stop and we have a war Declaration of Independence
July 4, 1776 Reasons why the colonies revolted United States of America
Colonies Win
George Washington leads colonies to victory French recognize and assist Treaty of Paris 1783
USA independent and gets lands west to the Mississippi
Set government up based on Enlightenment ideas
Geography Skills
See map on page 5671. What natural landmark formed the western
boundary of the USA? 2.Which country claimed the most land in
North America in 1783? The least?
The American Revolutionsection 4
Essential Question: How did the American Revolution reflect Enlightenment ideals?