Revolution and Enlightenment

1550-1800Europe and the Americas

Chapter 17

Scientific RevolutionSection 1

Essential Question:How did scientific discoveries change people's attitudes towards natural events and religious

faith?

Causes

Renaissance Rediscoveries showed divergent ways of

thinking Different, moving apart

New Technology and Math Discovery by observation

New instruments Telescope, microscope

Algebra to solve for unknowns Trigonometry-->physics

What role did math play in the Scientific Revolution?

What role did math play in the Scientific Revolution?

Geography Skill

Turn to page 539 1.What were the nationalities of chemists

shown on the map? 2.Scientists often build on the work of other

scientists. What barriers would these scientists have to overcome to learn about the work of others?

Old Ideas

Ptolemaic System Ptolemy lived in 100s CE

Christians used his ideas to construct the geocentric Universe

Earth was the center Everything moved around it in series of

spheres

Beyond 10th was heaven

New Idea: Heliocentric Universe

Sun was the center Copernicus

1543 sun at center, moon around Earth, Earth rotated

Kepler Elliptical orbits

New Idea: Heliocentric Universe

Galileo 1610 Used a telescope

Sunspots, moons around Jupiter, mountains on the moon

They were like Earth

Church is against this Humans aren't the center?

Reading Skills

Turn to page 541 Opposing Viewpoints

Cardinal Bellarmine vs. Galileo Galilei

Read and answer together

New Idea: Heliocentric Universe

Sir Isaac Newton Mathematical Principles of Natural

Philosophy Three Laws of Motion

Ideas change world view give answers to the universe

Breakthroughs: Medicine

Didn't advance much since Roman times Galen 100s CE

1500s Andreas Vesalius and William Harvey Dissected human bodies

Basic structure Heart circulates blood

Breakthroughs: Chemistry

Robert Boyle Volume of gas

Antoine Lavoisier Periodic table

Women in Science

Maria Winkelmann Astronomer

Husband's assistant Discovered a comet

Denied university position

Philosophy

Descartes Read quote page 544

What does it mean? “I think, therefore I am”

Rationalism Reason is chief source of knowledge

Francis Bacon Scientific method

Learn by inductive reasoning

How has the scientific method shaped modern society?

Scientific RevolutionSection 1

Essential Question:How did scientific discoveries change people's attitudes towards natural events and religious

faith?

The EnlightenmentSection 2

Essential Question: How did new patterns of thought affect the ways that people studied

social problems?

Reasons

Reexamine life based on ideas of Scientific Revolution

1700s philosophical movement Progress towards a better society

By using reason

John Locke

Englishman-1600s People were molded by experience

People could be changed Society could be changed

Isaac Newton

If Newton could unlock the natural laws of the physical world then natural laws of human society could be found.

Philosophy

Philosophe French word for philosophers Intellectuals of the period

Middle and noble class Mostly French

Tried to better the world with rational criticism

Montesquieu

Used scientific method to find natural laws governing social and political relationships

Republics Small

Despotism Large

Monarchies Medium

Described checks and balances Government power separated

Voltaire

Religious tolerance “all men are brothers under God”

Believed in deism God created, set in motion and left it alone

Diderot

Encyclopedia 1772 28 volume collection Religious tolerance

Negative view of Church Social, legal, and political reforms

How are these ideas different than the previous absolute monarchies of Europe? How do they

relate to you today?

Adam Smith

Economics 1776 The Wealth of Nations

Advocated laissez-faire Government should leave economy alone

Government had three jobs: Protection from invasion Defend against injustice Public works

Critical Thinking Activity

Read about laissez-faire economics

Page 550

What do you think about Adam Smith's ideas? Why do you think that way?

Beccaria

Justice Argued against brutality in punishment for

crimes Should be no capital punishment as it does not

work “Is it not absurd that laws which punish murder,

should, in order to prevent murder, publicly commit murder themselves?”

Rousseau

People adopted laws and government to protect property

– Then became enslaved by government Social Contract

– 1762

– Society agrees to be governed by general will• Everyone forced to abide by it

Wollstonecraft

Women's Rights Women traditional thought of as less Women begin to advocate more/equal rights

If monarch's power was wrong than men's over women is wrong

Spread of Ideas

Reading Books aimed at large groups not just elites

Magazines and newspapers

Salon Upper class meetings in homes to discuss

new ideas

Religion

Still important in people's lives By this point the Protestant churches were

lacking People wanted deeper experiences and more

excitement Evangelical Movement

Methodist John Wesley

Travel preacher, gave sermons for everyone Popular among the poor

The EnlightenmentSection 2

Essential Question: How did new patterns of thought affect the ways that people studied

social problems?

The Impact of the EnlightenmentSection 3

Essential Question: Do you think Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of

European rulers at the time?

Absolutism

Policy in which monarchs held complete power Often tied to divine rights Was popular form in 1500-1600s

How do you think absolutism led to Enlightenment ideas?

Enlightened Absolutism

Idea that monarch used Enlightenment ideas to safe keep natural laws

Geography Skill

Study map on page 5551. How did serfs fare under enlightened rulers

represented on the map?2. What evidence in the map suggests that the Austrian Empire might be difficult to govern?

Prussia

Begins expanding under Fredrick William I and his son Fredrick II Highly efficient bureaucracy

Served the king Military might

4th largest although one of the smaller countries

Fredrick II Adopted some enlightenment ideas in limited

form: Speech, religion, press Kept old social structure: serfs

Austria

Multicultural empire Joseph II

Attempted sweeping reforms Nearly all failed Alienated: nobles, the Church, confused the

peasants

Russia

Had reached power under Peter the Great Adopted Europeans ways in the late 1600-1700s

Catherine II (the Great) German wife of Peter III(not great)

Discussed reform with Diderot Couldn't afford to alienate nobles No reforms

Conditions for peasants worsen Revolt brutally suppressed Serfdom expanded

Greatly increased land holdings

Poland and south to the Black Sea

Were there enlightened absolutist rulers?

War of Austrian Succession1740-1748

Charles VI dies, no sons Daughter Maria Theresa becomes Queen

Prussia invades (Fredrick II) France enters against its enemy Austria

Austria allies with Britain Fought in Europe, India, and North America

Ends in with all territory given back except initial taken by Prussia from Austria

Seven Years' War1756-1763

Austria still mad at Prussia Britain and France arguing over colonies

France allies with Austria Russia afraid of Prussia allies with France and

Austria Britain allies with Prussia

And new war fought in Europe, India, and North America

Seven Years' War1756-1763

In Europe Prussia fights to a stalemate Gets to keep Silesia

India British force French out once and for all

North America British colonies on Atlantic

Prosperous lots of people French in the north (Canada) and interior

Few people

Seven Years' War1756-1763

French ally with Native Americans French just traded no colonies

Fighting in the Ohio River Valley and along the St. Lawrence River

French win at first British use navy to win

French cut off and lose British gain all French lands east of the Mississippi

Spain (allied with France) has to give up Florida

Arts

Nobles built lavish palaces on a huge scale Bright colors and light

Rococo Elegant styling, graceful, and delicate

Music Bach, Handel, Haydn, and Mozart

Literature More focused on social issues

The Impact of the EnlightenmentSection 3

Essential Question: Do you think Enlightenment ideas affected the actions of

European rulers at the time?

The American Revolutionsection 4

Essential Question: How did the American Revolution reflect Enlightenment ideals?

United Kingdom of Great Britain

1707 England and Scotland unite Parliament comes to control under ministers

appointed by the monarch 1714 Hanoverians

German relations of last Stuart ruler of Britain George I and II

Didn't speak English or know how Parliament worked Minister William Pitt

Middle class wanted expansion and he expanded

British Colonies in North America

Controlled by Britain in theory Actual had own systems

Distance was to great

Population of over 1 million Prosperous

American Revolutions Begins

Needed money after Seven Years' War and army to protect the colonies New taxes 1765

Colonies complain and begin to organize 1774 organize militias

British try to stop and we have a war Declaration of Independence

July 4, 1776 Reasons why the colonies revolted United States of America

Colonies Win

George Washington leads colonies to victory French recognize and assist Treaty of Paris 1783

USA independent and gets lands west to the Mississippi

Set government up based on Enlightenment ideas

Geography Skills

See map on page 5671. What natural landmark formed the western

boundary of the USA? 2.Which country claimed the most land in

North America in 1783? The least?

The American Revolutionsection 4

Essential Question: How did the American Revolution reflect Enlightenment ideals?