T he speaker at our March meeting was Robert Frishman. Bob has repaired, restored and sold
antique clocks for more than thirty-three years. In 1992, he founded Bell-Time Clocks, named
after a Harper's Weekly engraving by Winslow Homer, shown below, depicting New England mill
buildings and workers whose workdays were governed by “bell time.”
For more information about Bob and Bell-Time Clocks, see http://www.bell-time.com.
We couldn’t have picked a better
time to have Bob as our guest speak-
er. Apple this week announced an
April release date for its all new
Apple Watch, which it says is capa-
ble of keeping time within 50 milli-
seconds of the Coordinated Univer-
sal Time Standard (UTC). Prices
begin at $349. However, for custom-
ers more interested in demonstrating
status than a commitment to punctu-
ality, there will be a version priced
at $17,000.
Using a timepiece to make a state-
ment about status is not a new fad. As Bob noted, clocks in the 16th century were expensive novel-
ties that were not very accurate. They were valued as much for conveying status as for timekeeping.
In that era, portraitists often included a clock as a way to tell the viewer that the subject in the paint-
ing was sophisticated, modern, and affluent.
An Heuristic History of Horology for the
Hoary Habitués of the RMA
Reporter: Bob Mainer
UPCOMING
MEETINGS
Friday, April 10
Friday, May 8
Friday, June 12 March Meeting Minutes Ships Bell Rang at 10:00 AM
Reporter Bill Johnson
Al Persson presided at the opening.
Pledge and Star Spangled Banner were led by Ray Graunas.
The coffee and doughnuts from Stop & Shop and the fruit were provided by Paul Sturgis
and John Iberg.
The badge set-up was provided by Robert Smith.
V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3
M ARCH 2015 Cigar Box Bulletin
RETIRED MEN’S ASSOCIATION
President’s Notes 2
Member Bio 6
March Birthdays
and Anniversaries 7
On Eyes 8
Member Photo
Album 9
Bulletin Board 10
Sacagawea 11
INSIDE THIS ISSUE:
Continued on Page 3
Continued on Page 5
V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 2
The Cigar Box Bulletin
P. O. Box 261
Wayland, MA 01778
Board of Directors
Al Persson President
Ray Atkins 1st Vice President
Chris Hammer 2nd Vice-President
Merrill Mack Treasurer
Mort Brond Program Chairman
Bob Diefenbacher Editor of Bulletin
Bill Ely Past President
Board Members
Karl Geiger Ron Riggert
Wally Hart Frank Lyons
Nick Veeder Bill Beebee
Thank You To Our
Proof Readers
Yutaka Kobayashi, Bob Curtiss, Karl Geiger,
Ben Stahl
Published monthly by the
Retired Men’s Association
of Weston, Wayland,
Sudbury and surrounding
communities.
President’s Notes
Let us hope that winter has gone and we have only the snow to melt before we hear the
return of the song birds marking the start of spring.
As I mentioned at the meeting we need members to serve on the Speakers Committee
and the Lets Get Acquainted committee. Both are important committees who work behind the
scenes to make the RMA what it is.
I encourage anyone interested to contact me if you can serve on one of these commit-
tees.
Ron Riggert has been working to improve the sound quality at the meeting for those
who have hearing problems. The RMA has purchased a wireless sound system with ear pieces. It
will enhance the sound and transmit it to the ear pieces. Just speak to Ron at the front of the
room before the meeting and he will give you a set of ear pieces. Be sure to return them to Ron at
the end of the meeting.
AL Persson
President of the RMA
C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 3
The history of timekeeping – i.e., horology, which Bob reminded
us should be spelled without an initial “w” – goes back much
farther than the 16th century. Human habits have been governed
by the sun’s light long before recorded history. Watching the
movements of the shadow created by a vertical stick standing in
the sun surely must have fascinated early humans and inspired
the development of crude sundials. Such a device was found in
Egypt’s Valley of the Kings and is believed to have been used to
measure work time. Even the daily opening of certain flower
blossoms offers a crude method for tracking time. Linnaeus cre-
ated a timetable which shows how various plants open and close
their blossoms at different hours. (I found information about Lin-
naeus’s floral clock at http://scienceblogs.com/clock/2007/05/23/
carolus-linnaeus-floral-clocks/.) A clever 18th century variation
on the sundial was the “noon gun” – a cannon with a lens focused
on its touch hole in such a way that the gunpowder would be ig-
nited at high noon each sunny day.
The sand glass (hourglass) is another man-made timekeeping
device with a long history. One appears on a 4th century sarcoph-
agus to symbolize the passage of time. The device quickly be-
came popular for measuring time-dependent processes (e.g.,
cooking) or commitments of time (e.g., “I’ll give you an hour of
advice”). Sand glasses also proved useful for timing helmsmen’s
watches at sea. No other time measuring device available at that
time could be used under maritime conditions. A half-hour sand
glass would define the helmsman’s watch. If a helmsman cheated
by flipping the sand glass a few minutes early, he was said to be
“eating sand.”
Galileo’s musings about the swinging motion of a suspended
light fixture in a church ceiling contributed to the next significant
horological development. . He observed that the lamp repeated
the same arc. Using his pulse to time the swing, he determined
that the amount of time for the lamp to trace the arc was the same
on each swing. This suggested to Galileo that a pendulum could
be used to regulate the movements within a clock’s works. In
1656, Christian Huygens made the first clock to incorporate Gali-
leo’s insight.
The introduction of the pendulum to timekeeping, however,
didn’t solve the problem of accurately measuring time in a rock-
ing boat. Accurate measurement of elapsed time is necessary for
knowing how far east or west a ship has traveled. This conun-
drum was known as the “longitude problem” in marine naviga-
tion. A disastrous wreck of a British ship caused by an error in
estimating its longitudinal position prompted Parliament in 1714
to establish a prize of £10,000 (£1.26 million today) for a method
to determine longitude within 1 degree. Larger awards were an-
nounced for greater levels of accuracy. John Harrison, with no
experience as a clock maker, solved the problem by designing a
chronometer with features such as oil-less bearings and a unique
escapement mechanism which made possible great accuracy over
extended periods of time. (Dava Sobel’s “Longitude: The True
Story of a Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific Prob-
lem of His Time” was a best-seller about a decade ago). Harri-
son’s fourth version of his timepiece was only slightly larger than
today’s pocket watch and its works inspired watchmakers in sub-
sequent years.
Fifty years later, William Cranch Bond, working for his father’s
watchmaking firm, was the first in the American colonies to de-
sign and make a successful marine chronometer. It became the
choice for most ships operating out of Boston.
Because of their cost, few individuals in colonial days owned
clocks. For those who could afford a clock, it usually was one of
the most valuable items owned, as shown by probate records of
that time. Most residents in towns and villages depended on pub-
lic clocks – those mounted in church steeples and the fronts of
government buildings – and their bells to tell them the time. Paul
Revere’s foundry made many of New England’s public clock
bells in those years (including the bell which continues to strike
the hours in the steeple of the First Parish Church in Wayland).
The best known clockmaker in America’s late 18th century histo-
ry was Simon Willard. His Roxbury artisans created handsome
tall case clocks that were in great demand among affluent fami-
lies. A tall case clock wasn’t called a grandfather’s clock until
1876 when Henry C. Work wrote the song, “My Grandfather’s
Clock,” which became internationally popular. (In 1959, the Four
Lads included the song in an album!). Willard also designed and
made a clock that later became known as a banjo clock because
of its shape. Although Willard’s shop made quite a few clocks,
each was hand assembled using hand-made components. It was
not a mass production process.
Eli Terry is credited with adopting the use of uniform, inter-
changeable, precision-made parts as a substitute for high-cost
craftsmen’s skills in clock-making. This idea was not original
with Terry, but he was an early adopter. The concept subsequent-
ly became the basis for mass production of a wide range of prod-
ucts in American industry. Terry applied his manufacturing geni-
us to the production of clock mechanisms which used wooden
gears, thus bringing the cost of a shelf clock down to an afforda-
ble level for customers of average means. By 1814, his factory
was annually producing 3000 clocks with wooden gear works
mounted in simple wooden cases.
In the 1840’s, Chauncey Jerome developed a process for stamp-
ing gears out of brass. Soon he was producing 150,000 clocks
annually. His company evolved into the New Haven Clock Com-
pany with an annual production of 440,000 clocks. Seth Thomas
had been making wooden geared clocks at that time. Thomas
asked Jerome to teach one of his em-
Speaker—Continued
Continued on Page 4
V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 4
ployees how to make brass mechanisms. By 1845, Thomas
phased out all of its wooden geared clocks and produced a popu-
lar model with a weight-driven brass mechanism and an ogee
case (“ogee” refers to the curved profile of the molding that
frames the clock’s door.)
In 1891, a train crash in Ohio highlighted the need for accurate
timekeeping in railroad systems. In most cases, a single set of
tracks ran between cities and carried trains running in both di-
rections. Widely separated side tracks enabled trains to pass
each other. Trains were scheduled in such a way that at specified
times the tracks ahead for, say, a westbound train would be clear
because the east bound train would be – or should be – on a side
track. Moreover, two trains heading in the same direction were
required to be separated by specific time intervals to prevent
rear-end collisions. Thus, accurate timekeeping was essential for
safe operations. In 1893, the General Railroad Timepiece Stand-
ards were published. The Standards included specifications that
must be met in order for a watch to be certified for use on a rail-
road, including the ability to “keep time accurately to within a
gain or loss of only 30 seconds per week.” The Elgin, Hamilton
and Waltham companies, among other watchmakers, began to
produce pocket watches that met the railroad standards. (I
learned with Google’s help that Webb C. Ball, a jeweler and
watch maker, was hired by the Lake Shore and Michigan Rail-
way Company whose trains were involved in the 1891 wreck, to
devise a reliable railroad chronometer inspection system. Ball
subsequently contracted with several manufacturers to produce
high accuracy chronometers which he installed in cases he de-
signed and marketed under the Ball name. The Ball watches
developed a reputation for exceeding the General Railroad
Timepiece Standards, thus giving rise to one reason for saying,
“Keep your eye on the Ball.”)
The railroad industry’s operating requirements gave rise to the
idea, deemed radical in the 19th century, that uniform time stand-
ards should be adopted everywhere in the U.S. Prior to the 1918
Standard Time Act, each locality across the country had its own
definition of time. Two towns only a few miles apart might each
have its own independent definition. This was a nightmare for
railroad schedulers. Notwithstanding the logic for a uniform
time system, many localities were unhappy about relinquishing
control over setting time for themselves. Similar displeasure
occurred when the Uniform Time Act of 1966 established a na-
tionwide schedule for seasonal switches to Daylight Savings
Time.
The advent of the electric clock created yet another need for
uniformity. Henry Warren patented the synchronous motor in
1918 and it became the basis for his Telechron electric clock.
The Telechron’s accuracy depends on the constancy of the 60
cycle alternating current from the electricity’s source. Electric
utilities in the 1920s delivered power that was more-or-less 60
hz. This not only was a problem for achieving accuracy in elec-
tric clocks, it also became an issue when electric utilities wanted
to synchronize their alternating currents to create collaborative
grids. To solve these problems, Warren invented a master clock
which uses time signals from the Naval Observatory to regulate
the alternations in a power plant’s output. His original master
clock used the pendulum principle!
On a grander scale, worldwide uniformity in the definition of
time is the goal of Swatch.beat. Essentially, adoption of this
standard would mean that everyone everywhere on the globe
will have an identical, synchronized, definition of time ex-
pressed in a decimal format. Rather than try to explain
Swatch.beat here, I refer the reader to
http://www.timeanddate.com/time/internettime.html.
Bob closed his presentation with a bit of wisdom that reflects his
experience in repairing more than 7,000 clocks. He urged us to
remember that a mechanical clock runs 24/7. Most will run for a
very long time without failure. But like all machines, a mechani-
cal clock’s durability depends on the care it receives. Antique
clocks, in particular, need periodic cleaning and oiling. Howev-
er, if a mechanical clock fails, it may be quicker and much less
costly to simply replace the entire works with a new unit de-
signed specifically to be a replacement. Several German compa-
nies make clock mechanisms which are widely used to replace
failed mechanical clock movements.
The H4 Chronometer developed by John Harrison
first proved its shipboard usefulness in 1761.
Speaker—Continued
C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 5
Minutes — Continued
The RMA bulletin is provided by Bob Diefenbacher.
The RMA Minutes and Speaker write-ups are being provided by
Bill Johnson and Bob Mainer, respectively.
The slide presentation was prepared by Don Sherman.
In charge of the projector was Bob Curtiss.
The RMA official photographer is Art Phipps.
Al Persson read a note from Bert Fowler. Bert has been unable
to attend the recent RMA meetings. Bert recounted some of his
experiences in WW II radar development, including Ground Con-
trolled Approach radar for safely landing British Lancaster bomb-
ers returning from Germany in 1943. And Bert recounted three
other goals: seeing German planes, eating Yorkshire pudding,
and meeting Sir Robert Watson-Watt, the inventor of radar. He
got them all!
Mike Patterson announced that the speaker for Aug 13, 2015,
will be from Fidelity Investments.
Membership, travelers and guests were introduced by Nick
Veeder.
New members are Bill Thompson and Jim Frazer.
Travelers are:
Gerry Brody, who went to Puerto Rico during the blizzards,
watched the weather channel for Boston, and got a little tan.
Paul Sturgis, who went to Hawaii during the blizzards and en-
joyed the wildflowers.
Mort Brond, who went to Florida during the blizzards and en-
joyed walking and tennis.
Frank Lyons, who went to Florida (Sebastian and Vero Beach)
during the blizzards and couldn’t find his mail box when he got
back!
Don Sherman, who went to Florida during the blizzards and got
the call that his house was flooding from a plumbing leak. But,
all ended well because of the flood alarm, his neighbor, and a
plumber.
RMA host Guests
Chuck Wade Paul Neeson – who worked in
insurance.
Dave Stallard Bob Fitzgerald – who attended the
University of Toronto and MIT and
had his career at Raytheon.
John Heckscher Virtual Guest – who is at Wayland
Rehab. and needs visitors.
John Heckscher Bill McCullough – who worked at
Verizon with information systems and
logistics.
Joe Bausk Mike Bennett - who recently retired.
Fred Pryor Bruce Porter – who worked at Draper
Lab and the Foxboro Company and
has glaciology as a hobby.
Karl Geiger Dan Lynch – who retired from a
family sales business.
Al Persson Gerry Hume (2nd visit)
Al Persson Brad Thompson – who is from
Wellesley and worked in banking and
software.
Frank Lyons Phil Fontana – who could not make
the meeting.
A description of the RMA website (www.rmena.org) was
provided by Bob Curtiss:
The website includes history, speakers, members, activities, inter-
ests, past events, hiking, bulletins, contact info., etc. Bob paged
through examples of the various links.
Dan Sherman discussed the need for RMA committee member-
ships.
We need members for the following committees:
speakers
auditor
members biographies
members health
Ron Riggert described and showed some hearing aids and head-
sets that are available to the members who might have difficulty
at the RMA meetings.
Chris Hammer discussed future Special Events that included:
Private Museum of WWII in Natick. 10 am Wed April 8th
($10) (The museum has an enigma code machine)
BU Infectious Diseases Lab. Apr. 19 or 26 $25 bus
PawSox game in August. 4:30pm $37 bus
Other possibilities: Crime labs, Fruitland, Burton training camp.
Vital statistics for Feb and Mar 2015 were presented by
Jerry Brody.
Continued on Page 6
V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 6
Bert was born in 1938 in the heart of the Shenandoah Valley in
Staunton, Va. After graduation from high school in 1954 he went
to the Staunton Military Academy for one year. He graduated
from the University of Virginia in 1959. Thanks to his year at
the military academy he next spent two years of sea duty in the
Navy out of Norfolk, Virginia.
This was the first step from a southern farming community to a
career involving ships and living in the Boston area. After the
Navy stint he went to Charlottesville for three years of law
school. He managed to answer a few law school exam questions
well enough to qualify for the Law Review.
During a summer break after the first year he met his future wife,
Betsy, who was from Philadelphia while she was in college in
VA. They were married in 1965.
After graduating in 1964 he went to work for the Department of
Justice in Washington in the Admiralty and Shipping Section,
Civil Division. There he qualified for the Honors Program posi-
tion. He very happily worked with the US Navy, Coast Guard,
and Army Corp of Engineers as his first clients. This led to his
going into private practice in 1967 with Bingham, Dana &
Gould, the only major firm in Boston with an admiralty practice.
He left Bingham in 1974 and since about 1980 was associated
with Looney & Grossman, LLP, a 25 person Boston firm as a
partner and now as Senior Council.
Bert and Betsy moved to Wellesley in 1968 and into their present
1848 built house in 1973. During this period they had three chil-
dren, Julie in 1968, Susan in 1970 and Eric in 1973. Over the
years he has been on the town Advisory Committee and the
Wellesley Housing Authority.
Currently six grandchildren plus the Red Sox, bridge, stamp col-
lecting and an occasional trip make wonderful time consumers.
Bert has very much enjoyed his almost fifty years in Boston and
will have no complaints with another “almost fifty years”.
Bert’s membership was sponsored by Al Persson.
Member Bio—Bert Snyder
Health of members: Burt Skeen died last month.
Presentation of a video by Ray Atkins was postponed due to
lack of time.
Humor was presented by Dr. Harold Wilkinson:
“May your life be like a roll of toilet paper ……….
long & useful”
Romeo luncheon was announced to be at (the former) Bistro 20
by Frank Lyons
Special Thanks to our Scribes!
Minutes—Continued
Spring...on the way...
Not this one???
This one, right?
Can’t come
soon enough!
Anniversaries in March
C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 7
Average Years Married—45
Average Age—81
Birthdays in March
Member Birthday Age Aldo Rossini 03/09 73
Peter Anderson 03/10 74
Mark Dakss 03/01 75
Ed Gottmann 03/05 75
Bob Cooke 03/26 80
Francis Kelly 03/06 80
Raymond Middleton 03/02 80
Jerome D. Hanfling 03/12 82
Gerald Brody 03/15 83
Robert Lenington 03/16 85
Abner S. Salant 03/18 85
Robert A. Vannerson 03/16 89
Yutaka Kobayashi 03/11 91
Member Spouse Anniversary Years
Abner S. Salant Joyce 3/27/2011 4
Francis T. Lyons Ursula 3/8/1969 46
John Heckscher Kathy 3/30/1968 47
J. Stanley Waugh Helen 3/4/1961 54
Donald Sackman Kay 3/30/1957 58
John Beard Molly 3/31/1956 59
V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 8
Can you see?
The cornea is the outermost layer in the front of the eye. It is
crystal clear and functions, along with the lens, to bend the light
rays as they enter the eye and focus them on the retina. Any de-
fect in the cornea will affect the sight by bending the rays off of
the retina. If the cornea becomes cloudy the person at first loses
night vision and eventually becomes blind.
The cornea does not contain any blood vessels as the blood ves-
sels would affect the transmission of light. The cornea gets its
necessary nutrients from the inside of the eye by osmosis. The
cornea also obtains nutrients through tears.
Thousands of people injure their cornea in the United States each
year. If it happens to both eyes they can become blind despite
having two healthy eyes
The first corneal transplant was done in 1905 by Dr. Zirm of the
Czech Republic but it did not catch on because the complication
rate was too high. Dr. Filatov of Russia perfected the procedure
and in 1936 made his work public. Today about 40,000 corneal
transplants are done in the US each year.
During my internship, corneal transplants were often performed.
One of the difficult parts was obtaining corneal donors. They
came from people who had recently died. Relatives were reluc-
tant to donate the eye of a deceased person, in spite of the fact
that it would allow someone else to see. There was also a prob-
lem getting someone to remove the eyes as they needed to be
harvested shortly after death under sterile conditions.
I felt strongly that this was a very good thing. I therefore volun-
teered to harvest the eyes. I soon was also the one to ask the rela-
tives to give permission for the eyes to be donated.
I remember one older lady whose husband had died. I spoke to
her and asked if she would allow me to harvest the eyes. She did
not know what to say. Her son spoke up and urged her to say yes.
A month later I received the only letter I received from a pa-
tient’s family during my internship. The lady said she was still
not getting over her husband’s death. She also thanked me for
asking and then harvesting the eyes. It was one of the bright spot
in her life to think that two people were seeing the world as her
husband had seen it for so many years.
by Al Persson
April Fools Day is Only a Couple of Weeks Away!
C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 9
My wife and I enjoyed a trip to San Francisco and over to Yosemite for the annual Bracebridge Dinner
in December.
It was a wonderful experience and the photography opportunities were everywhere, especially in Yosemite.
Photo Album
A US city recognizable immediately
Atop Nob Hill
Muir
Woods
Famous Tunnel View
Half Dome
Morning Outside the
Ahwahnee Hotel
V OLUME 18 ISSUE 3 P AGE 10
RMA Bulletin Board
Wanted: New Members!
We are seeking new members, especially recently re-
tired men who would like the comradery and program-
ming of the RMA.
Just ask a friend to come to the April 10th RMA
meeting with you, bring him over to Nick Veeder at
the sign-in table to register your guest.
Nick has membership applications and can explain the
procedure to you and your guest.
Photos Needed
Many RMA members take photos on trips out
of the area and sometimes (like this month)
there is space to include some of them in the
Bulletin.
Egotistically your editor has included a few on
the previous page, but some of your travel
shots would be great to have on tap to use
when there is space available.
Please email any photos you would like to see
in the Bulletin to Bob Diefenbacher
[email protected]. Include a little text to
describe the who, what, when, and where of
your images
Thanks you!
Groaners...
I think I want a job cleaning mirrors.
It's something I could really see
myself doing.
What do you call a fish with no eyes?
A fsh
What's the difference between a snow
man and a snow woman?
Snow balls! (ed.: Whoops, sorry!)
How about volunteering for one of the RMA committee needs: speakers, auditor, members’ biographies, or members’ health?
Contact Al Persson at [email protected] if you are interested
C IGAR BOX BULLETIN P AGE 11
Sacagawea
In 1788 a girl was born to the chief of the Agaidika (Salmon eaters) tribe of the Lehi Shoshone
nation near present day Salmon, Idaho. She was given the name Sacagawea. When she was 11,
during a battle, she and several other girls were captured by a group from the Hidatsa tribe,
who lived in present day North Dakota. In addition to the abduction of the girls the battle re-
sulted in the death of four men. The practice of capturing women and children and adding
them to their tribe was common among the plains Native Americans.
When she was 13, she became the second wife of a French fur trapper, Toussaint Charbon-
neau. His first wife was also a captured Shoshone woman named Otter. Charbonneau was liv-
ing with the Hidatsa. It is not clear if he purchased them or won them gambling. The plains
Native Americans loved to gamble.
In any event, they were living there when Lewis and Clark arrived in the Hidatsa camp in fall
of 1804 to spend the winter. The Corp of Discovery was on its way to the Pacific Ocean to
explore the new area that President Thomas Jefferson had just purchased from Napoleon, the
Emperor of France.
They hired Charbonneau and his wife Sacagawea as guides and interrupters. Sacagawea was pregnant with her first child. The child
was born on February 11, 1805 and named Jean Baptist Charbonneau. The members of the Corp of Discovery called him, “Little
Pomp”.
In April, Lewis and Clark left and proceed up the Missouri River in pirogues. In August 1805 they arrive in a Shoshone village and
discovered that the chief was Sacagawea brother. He was willing to trade for horses and guide the expedition to the Rocky Mountains
as they traveled west.
The trip over the mountains proved very hard and they ran out of food. Sacagawea helped them find wild roots and other eatable
food.
As they reached the western side of the mountains and the headwaters of the Columbia River they met a group of Native Americans
who lived in the area. One of them had a beautiful coat make from otter skins. Clark tried to trade for the coat but was unsuccessful.
Sacagawea traded her beaded belt for the robe. The robe was later given to President Jefferson as a gift.
On November 24, 1805 they reached the Pacific Ocean. The group looked at several sites where the winter camp should be built.
Everyone voted where it should be. The voted included Sacagawea and York, who was Clark’s black manservant.
On the return trip in 1806 Sacagawea guided the group through several passes including the one in present day Yellowstone Park.
Another was Gibbon Pass which is where the Northern Pacific Railroad runs today.Sacagawea and her husband rejoined the group of
Hidatsa Native Americans who they were living with when Lewis and Clark hired them. Sacagawea gave birth to a daughter named
Lizette in 1810.
Clark offered to see to Jean Baptist’s education. His parents brought him to St Louis for the purpose and Clark became his legal
guardian.
It is felt, that without Sacagawea, the Corp of Discovery would not have survived the trip. The presents of a women with the group
was seen by the local Native Americans as a sign that the group was a peaceful group and not there to make war.
By AL Persson
First Class Mail Next Meeting
Friday, April 10
Web site RMenA.org
E-mail [email protected]
R.M.A. Box 261
Wayland, MA 01778
RMA Meeting Friday, April 10, 10:00 am
On Line/Distance Learning Speaker: Glenn Strehle, Treasurer Emeritus, MIT
Distance education or distance learning is a mode of delivering education and instruction, often on an individual basis, to students who are not physically present in a traditional setting such as a classroom. Distance learning provides "access to learning when the source of information and the learners are separated by time and distance, or both."
Glenn Strehle is the Treasurer Emeritus of MIT. Following his retirement in 1999, Glenn served as Advisor on External Relations to the MIT Center for Ad-vanced Educational Services. He is a co-author of a book chapter on the use of educational technology and has also spoken on this subject at conferences in both the USA and London.
You will want to learn more about this exciting new way
to deliver knowledge!