Download - Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils
![Page 1: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils
![Page 2: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Prospecting and Exploration• What we’re looking for is subtle• Most rocks, even the most favorable, do
not have extractable resources• 1% of mineral occurrences are worth
detailed study• 1% of those are worth drilling• 1% of those are worth mining
![Page 3: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Geologic Map of
Wisconsin
![Page 4: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Gravity Map of
Wisconsin
![Page 5: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Gravity• Mean value about 9.8 m/sec2 = 1 g• About 0.5% smaller at equator than poles• Map unit = gal (for Galileo) = 1 cm/sec2
• Mean gravity = 980 gal• Maps contour in mgal = 10-6 g• Modern gravimeters can detect .001 mgal
variations (= 1 ppb)• A gravimeter is essentially a spring balance.
![Page 6: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Gravimeter
![Page 7: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Gravity Maps• Gravity varies by latitude due to earth’s
equatorial bulge and centrifugal force• Need altitude correction = 0.3 mgal/m = 3 x 10-7
g/m• Altitude only correction = Free-Air Anomaly Map• Correct for mass between you and sea level =
Bouguer Anomaly Map• Correct for variations in thickness of crust =
Isostatic Anomaly Map
![Page 8: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Colorado Bouguer Map
![Page 9: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Colorado Isostatic Map
![Page 10: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Chicxulub Impact Basin Gravity Map
![Page 11: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
![Page 12: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Gravity Mapping
• Simple corrections for latitude and altitude
• Density = Lithology• Can sense deep into
crust
• Gravimeters are basically sensitive spring balances
• Fragile• Prone to drift• Discrete data points• Labor intensive, low
detail
![Page 13: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Magnetic Map of
Wisconsin
![Page 14: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Geomagnetism • Magnetic field of Earth = 40 microtesla =
40,000 nt• Varies from 25 to 70 mt• Non-axial• Not centered on the earth• Varies over a human lifetime
![Page 15: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Overall Magnetic Field of Earth
![Page 16: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
MAGSAT Map of Earth
![Page 17: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Magnetic Mapping
• Corrections are complex and time variable
• No simple correlation with lithology
• Can’t sense deep into crust because heat destroys magnetism
• Magnetism is electromagnetic phenomenon
• Instruments can be purely electronic
• Can record continuously
• Can be extremely detailed
![Page 18: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Gravity and Magnetic Mapping
• Greater sensing depth • Complex corrections• Greater detail possible
![Page 19: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Gravity and Magnetic MappingGravity maps Magnetic Maps
Mechanical Instrument Instruments are purely electronic
Discrete readings Continuous readings
Less detail Great detail
Can sense to great depths Can sense only a few kilometers deep
Simple corrections for latitude and elevation
Complex corrections in time and space
Density correlates with rock type No simple correlation with rock type
![Page 20: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
SatelliteImage of Wisconsin
![Page 21: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
![Page 22: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Grand Canyon
![Page 23: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Lake Vostok,
Antarctica
![Page 24: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copper Mines, Iran
![Page 25: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Saline Valley, California
![Page 26: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The Moon
![Page 27: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Mercury
![Page 28: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Mars False Color View
![Page 29: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Remote and Not
So Remote Sensing
![Page 30: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
![Page 31: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Telling Minerals Apart
![Page 32: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Martian Minerals?
![Page 33: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Absorption Bands
![Page 34: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Radar Interferometry: L’Aquila, Italy,
2009
![Page 35: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Haiti, 2010
![Page 36: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Haiti, 2010
![Page 37: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Damage, Port au prince
![Page 38: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Chile, 2010
![Page 39: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Chile 2010
![Page 40: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Chile, 2010, GPS
![Page 41: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Ice Flow, Antarctica
![Page 42: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Kilauea, Hawaii
![Page 43: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Venus
![Page 44: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Topography of Venus
![Page 45: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Radar Map of Venus
![Page 46: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Radar Map of Venus
![Page 47: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Venus Gravity Maps
![Page 48: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Gravity Map of Mars
![Page 49: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Titan
![Page 50: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Radar Image, Titan
![Page 51: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Lakes on Titan
![Page 52: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Sun Glint
![Page 53: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Laser Rangefinder
![Page 54: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Laser Reflector
![Page 55: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
LAGEOS
![Page 56: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Herstmonceaux Castle (London)
• Latitude increasing (moving N)
• Longitude increasing (Moving E)
![Page 57: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Lamont Earth Observatory
(Near New York)• Latitude increasing
(moving N)• Longitude decreasing
(Moving W)
![Page 58: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Trans-Atlantic Plate Motion
• New York moving west at 15.4 mm/yr• London moving east at 16.6 mm/yr• Relative motion = 32 mm/yr
![Page 59: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Churchill, Manitoba
• Latitude decreasing (moving S)
• Longitude decreasing (Moving W)
• Rising rapidly
![Page 60: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Real-Time Plate Motions
![Page 61: Remote Sensing, Rocks and Soils](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062409/56814a96550346895db7a35e/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin