Download - Religion and Politics
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Religion and Politics
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US Christian Right, a comment: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o0Kc3iHr6xg Radical vs. moderate Muslims: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y557sMqA5mw
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The global religious landscape (Pew Research global study, 2012):
http://www.pewforum.org/global-religious-landscape-exec.aspx
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Modernization and secularization C. Wright Mills, 1960s:
“Once, the world was filled with the sacred – in thought, practice, and institutional form. After the Reformation and the Renaissance, forces of modernizations swept across the globe, and secularization, a corollary process, loosened the dominance of the sacred. In due course, the sacred will disappear altogether, except, possibly, in the private realm.” Peter Berger, 2000s:
“The world today, with some exceptions, is as furiously religious as it ever was, and in some places even more so than ever. This means that a whole body of literature by historians and social scientists loosely labeled “modernization” is mistaken.”
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Christianity’s southern shift* Sub-Saharan Africa: the Christian share of the population
has soared from 9% a century ago to 63%. 24% of the world’s Christians live there. Nigeria has more Protestants than Germany: 80 mln.
people Europe: the Christian share has dropped from 95% to
76%. The Americas: decline from 96% to 86%. *Pew Research, Dec. 2011 -
http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/story/2011-12-20/christianity-growth-africa-europe/52125920/1
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Ten global trends in religion, by Jay Gary:http://www.wnrf.org/cms/print_tentrends.shtml
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Trends in the West Church attendance has fallen Clergy has lost its authority over the public in such
matters as birth control, divorce, sexual orientation, and necessity of marriage before childbirth
Growing religious diversity and politicization of religious differences
In America: rising power of Christian fundamentalists
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Trends in the post-communist East End of persecution of religion Post-atheistic religious revival in most countries,
especially among Orthodox Christians and Muslims The church increases its influence on state and society Religion acquires a growing role in underpinning
conservative forces in societies
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Trends in the Global South The rise of political Islam The growth of Christian churches, especially in Africa Rise of Christian-Muslim tensions and conflicts
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Nationality and faith: competing identities
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The state is defined by its monopoly on the use of force And by its legitimacy For legitimation of power, most states in history have
needed religion The state’s need to justify itself in the minds of the ruled The church (mosque, ashram, synagogue) plays a
mediating role between the rulers and the ruled: It helps rulers maintain a social order And, as a major institution of civil society, it helps the people
adapt to a social order – or change it Interactions, contradictions and balances between these
two functions are at the core of the problematic of church-state relations
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Relations between state and religious institutions are an important area of political life
There was a time when these relations were crucial With the progress of secularization, they have receded into
the background – almost disappeared from view Commonplace slogans such as “separation of church from
state” have hidden a rich and complex reality But this reality is now revealing itself again in various
cultural settings Religion cannot be totally separated from politics And the state cannot ignore religion
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Models of relations between religion and the state Religious and state institutions are closely bound together Religion is separate from the state and persecuted by it Religion and the state are constitutionally separate, faith is a
private matter, no religious discrimination
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With rare exceptions, the rulers need religion But they often keep a wary eye on religious activities Because religion can never be fully controlled What are the loyalties of the believers?
To God To the ruler To the state, irrespective of the ruler To the nation
Can these loyalties be broken? Criticizing the ruler Questioning some laws Criticizing society
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To what extent and in what ways can religion influence the exercise of state power? Religion may help protect society from the state’s
aggressions It may help maintain a moral order It may speak out against injustice in society It may foster national unity in the face of threats to the nation
Or, It may stand in the way of social and political change Advocate discrimination and oppression Foster social discord Rationalize tyranny, aggression and militarism
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Whether organized religion sides with the state against society or reinforces society vis-a-vis the state
Whether the church helps society to solve its problems or hinders the search for solutions - Depends on many different factors:
Political, economic, cultural In an age of democratic proliferation, the roles of organized
religion are determined less and less by its power structures, and more and more by the laity – common parishioners
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Religion and war 1745 wars have taken place in human history
(The Encyclopedia of Wars) Over 420 - religious in nature Christianity and Islam have been involved in over
85% of the religious wars.
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Invoking gods for strength Assuring obedience Mobilizing the will to fight In Bronze Age Middle East, every city had its own
god, considered the supreme ruler War between cities was regarded as war between
those gods Humans fighting each other were like proxies of
gods (Homer’s tales) Continues in the Iron Age https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p4G91Hc5X_o
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Ares, God of War (ancient Greece)
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Mars (ancient Rome)
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Year 312 CE: Roman Emperor Constantine converts to Christianity
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Year 988: Russia is converted to Christianity: destruction of pagan gods
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8th century: the Arab conquest
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11th century: the First Crusade
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Muslims vs. Crusaders, 12th century
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1099: Capture of Jerusalem in the First Crusade
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1204: Crusaders take Constantinople
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1572: On St. Bartholomew’s Day, French Protestants kill Catholics
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2014: ISIS executing Iraqi tribesmen
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