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Rat Maze Activity
• complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail
• you must work on your own to complete it• receive a small piece of candy when maze completed
• Try again—you can complete as many mazes as possible in the time allotted
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RAT MAZESA Demonstration in Instrumental Learning and Operant Conditioning
• This is an example of – trial and error learning– instrumental learning/conditioning
• Thorndike = response to a stimulus is strengthened when they are instrumental in producing rewards
– operant conditioning• B. F. Skinner = positive reinforcers strengthen a
response if experienced after the response occurs– Each time a completed maze was handed in,
candy was received as positive reinforcement
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Lemonade Experiment
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDM
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What is Learning?• Learning refers to the
• relatively permanent change in subject’s behavior to a given situation
• brought about by repeated experience in that situation
We learn by association (Associative Learning) Our minds naturally connect events
that occur in sequence learning that two events occur
together
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Classical Conditioning VS Operant Conditioning• Classical
• Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits response
• Eventually the neutral stimulus causes the response
• Pavlov (dog saliva)• Watson (little Albert)
• Operant• Process of learning
based on producing positive consequences and avoiding negative ones
• Measured by rate of response
• Skinner (pigeons)
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Classical (AKA Pavlovian) Conditioning
We learn to associate two stimuli
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Classical Conditioning Terms Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response
Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an
unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR)
learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus Acquisition
the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a conditioned response
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Pavlov’s Classic Experiment
Before Conditioning
During Conditioning After Conditioning
UCS (foodin mouth)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
Nosalivation
UCR (salivation)
Neutralstimulus(tone)
UCS (foodin mouth)
UCR(salivation)
CS(tone)
CR (salivation)
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/classical-conditioning.html#lesson
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A Classic Study• John B. Watson
• Conditioned “emotion”• Fear response in
humans (1920)• Little Albert
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM
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UCS==== UCR
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N + UCS====== UCR
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Repeated pairings. . . CS (originally irrelevant!) === CR
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SO. . . Who gives the shots? WHY?
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Extinction
• The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR
• Involves repeatedly presenting the CS without pairing it with the UCS
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Spontaneous Recovery
• Occurs when a previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after a period of no training
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Generalization
• Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS.• Ex. A child who has been bit by
a dog may fear all dogs.• After 9/11, people responded
anxiously to the sight or sound of planes.
• Generalization can be adaptive• toddlers are taught to fear
moving cars in the street and would respond similarly to trucks and motorcycles.
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Discrimination
• Occurs when stimuli similar to the CS do not produce a CR
• The more similar the stimuli are to the CS, the greater the difficulty of discrimination
• Being able to recognize these differences is adaptive.• Ex. Confronted by a pit bull, your heart may race; confronted by a
golden retriever, it likely will not.
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A song for your enjoyment…http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94lWxsfKErM
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6JE8s1-w-Y
Homework = perform your own experiment or observation. Turn it into a video project for extra credit (see sample below)
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The Gothowitz Deviation