Transcript
Page 1: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Rat Maze Activity

• complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail

• you must work on your own to complete it• receive a small piece of candy when maze completed

• Try again—you can complete as many mazes as possible in the time allotted

Page 2: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

RAT MAZESA Demonstration in Instrumental Learning and Operant Conditioning

• This is an example of – trial and error learning– instrumental learning/conditioning

• Thorndike = response to a stimulus is strengthened when they are instrumental in producing rewards

– operant conditioning• B. F. Skinner = positive reinforcers strengthen a

response if experienced after the response occurs– Each time a completed maze was handed in,

candy was received as positive reinforcement

Page 3: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Lemonade Experiment

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nE8pFWP5QDM

Page 4: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

What is Learning?• Learning refers to the

• relatively permanent change in subject’s behavior to a given situation

• brought about by repeated experience in that situation

We learn by association (Associative Learning) Our minds naturally connect events

that occur in sequence learning that two events occur

together

Page 5: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Classical Conditioning VS Operant Conditioning• Classical

• Neutral stimulus is paired with a stimulus that elicits response

• Eventually the neutral stimulus causes the response

• Pavlov (dog saliva)• Watson (little Albert)

• Operant• Process of learning

based on producing positive consequences and avoiding negative ones

• Measured by rate of response

• Skinner (pigeons)

Page 6: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Classical (AKA Pavlovian) Conditioning

We learn to associate two stimuli

Page 7: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Classical Conditioning Terms Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

stimulus that unconditionally--automatically and naturally--triggers a response

Unconditioned Response (UCR) unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an

unconditioned stimulus, triggers a conditioned response Conditioned Response (CR)

learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus Acquisition

the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus (CS) comes to elicit a conditioned response

Page 8: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Pavlov’s Classic Experiment

Before Conditioning

During Conditioning After Conditioning

UCS (foodin mouth)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

Nosalivation

UCR (salivation)

Neutralstimulus(tone)

UCS (foodin mouth)

UCR(salivation)

CS(tone)

CR (salivation)

http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/classical-conditioning.html#lesson

Page 9: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

A Classic Study• John B. Watson

• Conditioned “emotion”• Fear response in

humans (1920)• Little Albert

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qG2SwE_6uVM

Page 10: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

UCS==== UCR

Page 11: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

N + UCS====== UCR

Page 12: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Repeated pairings. . . CS (originally irrelevant!) === CR

Page 13: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

SO. . . Who gives the shots? WHY?

Page 14: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Extinction

• The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of the CR

• Involves repeatedly presenting the CS without pairing it with the UCS

Page 15: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Spontaneous Recovery

• Occurs when a previously extinguished CR suddenly reappears after a period of no training

Page 16: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Generalization

• Tendency to respond to stimuli similar to the CS.• Ex. A child who has been bit by

a dog may fear all dogs.• After 9/11, people responded

anxiously to the sight or sound of planes.

• Generalization can be adaptive• toddlers are taught to fear

moving cars in the street and would respond similarly to trucks and motorcycles.

Page 17: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

Discrimination

• Occurs when stimuli similar to the CS do not produce a CR

• The more similar the stimuli are to the CS, the greater the difficulty of discrimination

• Being able to recognize these differences is adaptive.• Ex. Confronted by a pit bull, your heart may race; confronted by a

golden retriever, it likely will not.

Page 18: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

A song for your enjoyment…http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=94lWxsfKErM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6JE8s1-w-Y

Homework = perform your own experiment or observation. Turn it into a video project for extra credit (see sample below)

Page 19: Rat Maze Activity complete the maze starting at the ear and ending at the tail you must work on your own to complete it receive a small piece of candy

The Gothowitz Deviation


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