Principles and Strategies of Teaching
Focus: Techniques of Questioning, Discussion and Classroom Management
Expected Competency: Using Principles of teaching and learning associated with questioning, discussion, and classroom management in actual classroom situations
“ A thousand teachers,
a thousand
methods.”
-Chinese Proverbs
CLASSROOM DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES
CONCEPT: Orderly process of face to face group
interaction in which students exchange ideas about an issue for the purpose of:
1. Solving problem
2. Answering a question
3.enhancing their knowledge/understanding
4. Making a decision
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITY DISCUSSION
Quality discussion requires 5 logical condition
1. Student talk to one another
2. Listen to one another
3. Respond to one another
4. They collectively put forward more than one point of view
5. Intention of developing knowledge/ understanding
Quality discussion has:
1. Minimum argument
2. Purposeful, systematic
3. Not teacher dominated
Why use classroom discussion techniques?
1. An active learning process
2. Develops ability to analyze and express
3. Opportunities to visualize student thinking
4. Enable students to reconstruct knowledge
5. Facilitates sharing of ideas
6. Generates new ideas
7. Checks misconceptions
8. Develops tolerance of opinion of others
WHEN TO USE
1. For developing cognitive skills
2. For developing thinking and expressive skills
3. For developing mastery of conceptual skills
4. When there is a common focus
WHEN NOT TO USE
1. When providing an overview
2. When introducing an unfamiliar material
3. When explaining a difficult concept
4. When undertaking difficult project
5. When students are unprepared
WHAT TO EXPECT FROM TEACHER AND STUDENT
TEACHER1. Willing attitude to engage student in discussion2. Encouraging3. Listen actively4. Objective5. Well informed6. Reflective
STUDENT1. Well prepared2. Possesses listening skills3.Objective and Rational4. 8Interactive
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
EXPOSITORY
1. Teacher recalls related experiences
2. Teacher tells/explains/interprets
a. stories and analogies
b. illustrations
c. models
d. diagram
3. Students discuss response to teacher’s questions
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
SEMINAR
Steps
1. Teacher assigns topics to several students
2. Students read
3. Students discuss
4. Teacher directs discussion
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
PANEL
1. Assigns a problem to a group of 3 to 6 students
2. Talk about it. No speech
3. Panel members agree, disagree, qualify, elaborate
4. Chair keeps discussion to the point
5. A non-participant summarizes
6. Class ask questions, makes comments
7. Chair summarizes
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
SYMPOSIUM
1. Assigns problems/issues to students representing differing views
2. Present ideas as short speeches
3. Student moderator opens meeting to question/comments to other students
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
BUZZ1. Presentation of the whole class
2. Teacher divides the class into subgroup of 6-7 members
3. Subgroup selects discussion leader and reporter
4. Each member of subgroup expresses himself about the presentation
5. Subgroup reform into original large group
6. Each group reporter summarizes reactions and presents questions raised
7. Class answers questions
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
BRAINSTORMING
1. Bring out many problems
2. Elicit ideas
3. Select one problem
4. Elicit ideas about the problem
5. Suggest solution
6. Elicit ideas about the solution
7. Examine ideas about the solution
8. Examine analytically and evaluatively each idea
9. Adapt and elaborate upon ideas suggested
DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES
DEBATE DISCUSSION1. Assigns issues to 2 or more students to take a definite point of view
2. Students present their opinion/facts
3. Students respond to questions
4. Teacher synthesizes the arguments
Purpose: win an argument than a scholarly search for agreement
HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES
Step 1 : Prepare for a discussion
1. Prepare yourself
a. Decide the purpose
b. Specify exact subject
c. Research background information
2. Prepare student
a. Build common experiences and
understanding
b. Explain how discussion will be conducted
HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES3. Prepare discussion plan
a. Objectives
b. Outline of the subject to be discussed
c. Focused question
d. Supplementary questions to guide discussion
4. Prepare the discussion environment
a. help student relax
b. Seating arrangement in circle
c. Record important points
HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES
Step 2 : Open the discussion
1. Motivate with a question
2. Clarify discussion,procedures/strategies
3. Set level of discussion by asking key
questions in various levels
4. Memory evaluation
HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES
Step 3 : Keep discussion moving1. Guide discussion towards objectives
2. Use appropriate questions for:
directing attention, prompting for response, engaging
reluctant student, clarifying a point, refocusing, elaborating,
inviting questions
3. Build spirit of group cooperation rather than allow “sides” to
build issue
4. Summarize from time to time
5. Align contributions
HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES
Step 4 : Closing discussion
1. Summarize main points
2. Foreshadowing link to previous
3. Record notes
4. Evaluating strategies used
Four Stages of Learning Video
THANK YOU
Dr.Lelanie D. Perido