Principles and Strategies of Teaching

Focus: Techniques of Questioning, Discussion and Classroom Management

Expected Competency: Using Principles of teaching and learning associated with questioning, discussion, and classroom management in actual classroom situations

“ A thousand teachers,

a thousand

methods.”

-Chinese Proverbs

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES

CONCEPT: Orderly process of face to face group

interaction in which students exchange ideas about an issue for the purpose of:

1. Solving problem

2. Answering a question

3.enhancing their knowledge/understanding

4. Making a decision

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITY DISCUSSION

Quality discussion requires 5 logical condition

1. Student talk to one another

2. Listen to one another

3. Respond to one another

4. They collectively put forward more than one point of view

5. Intention of developing knowledge/ understanding

Quality discussion has:

1. Minimum argument

2. Purposeful, systematic

3. Not teacher dominated

Why use classroom discussion techniques?

1. An active learning process

2. Develops ability to analyze and express

3. Opportunities to visualize student thinking

4. Enable students to reconstruct knowledge

5. Facilitates sharing of ideas

6. Generates new ideas

7. Checks misconceptions

8. Develops tolerance of opinion of others

WHEN TO USE

1. For developing cognitive skills

2. For developing thinking and expressive skills

3. For developing mastery of conceptual skills

4. When there is a common focus

WHEN NOT TO USE

1. When providing an overview

2. When introducing an unfamiliar material

3. When explaining a difficult concept

4. When undertaking difficult project

5. When students are unprepared

WHAT TO EXPECT FROM TEACHER AND STUDENT

TEACHER1. Willing attitude to engage student in discussion2. Encouraging3. Listen actively4. Objective5. Well informed6. Reflective

STUDENT1. Well prepared2. Possesses listening skills3.Objective and Rational4. 8Interactive

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

EXPOSITORY

1. Teacher recalls related experiences

2. Teacher tells/explains/interprets

a. stories and analogies

b. illustrations

c. models

d. diagram

3. Students discuss response to teacher’s questions

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

SEMINAR

Steps

1. Teacher assigns topics to several students

2. Students read

3. Students discuss

4. Teacher directs discussion

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

PANEL

1. Assigns a problem to a group of 3 to 6 students

2. Talk about it. No speech

3. Panel members agree, disagree, qualify, elaborate

4. Chair keeps discussion to the point

5. A non-participant summarizes

6. Class ask questions, makes comments

7. Chair summarizes

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

SYMPOSIUM

1. Assigns problems/issues to students representing differing views

2. Present ideas as short speeches

3. Student moderator opens meeting to question/comments to other students

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

BUZZ1. Presentation of the whole class

2. Teacher divides the class into subgroup of 6-7 members

3. Subgroup selects discussion leader and reporter

4. Each member of subgroup expresses himself about the presentation

5. Subgroup reform into original large group

6. Each group reporter summarizes reactions and presents questions raised

7. Class answers questions

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

BRAINSTORMING

1. Bring out many problems

2. Elicit ideas

3. Select one problem

4. Elicit ideas about the problem

5. Suggest solution

6. Elicit ideas about the solution

7. Examine ideas about the solution

8. Examine analytically and evaluatively each idea

9. Adapt and elaborate upon ideas suggested

DISCUSSION TECHNIQUES AND STRATEGIES

DEBATE DISCUSSION1. Assigns issues to 2 or more students to take a definite point of view

2. Students present their opinion/facts

3. Students respond to questions

4. Teacher synthesizes the arguments

Purpose: win an argument than a scholarly search for agreement

HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES

Step 1 : Prepare for a discussion

1. Prepare yourself

a. Decide the purpose

b. Specify exact subject

c. Research background information

2. Prepare student

a. Build common experiences and

understanding

b. Explain how discussion will be conducted

HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES3. Prepare discussion plan

a. Objectives

b. Outline of the subject to be discussed

c. Focused question

d. Supplementary questions to guide discussion

4. Prepare the discussion environment

a. help student relax

b. Seating arrangement in circle

c. Record important points

HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES

Step 2 : Open the discussion

1. Motivate with a question

2. Clarify discussion,procedures/strategies

3. Set level of discussion by asking key

questions in various levels

4. Memory evaluation

HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES

Step 3 : Keep discussion moving1. Guide discussion towards objectives

2. Use appropriate questions for:

directing attention, prompting for response, engaging

reluctant student, clarifying a point, refocusing, elaborating,

inviting questions

3. Build spirit of group cooperation rather than allow “sides” to

build issue

4. Summarize from time to time

5. Align contributions

HOW TO CONDUCT THE VARIOUS DISCUSSION STRATEGIES

Step 4 : Closing discussion

1. Summarize main points

2. Foreshadowing link to previous

3. Record notes

4. Evaluating strategies used

Four Stages of Learning Video

THANK YOU

Dr.Lelanie D. Perido