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Prepared for the Presidents’ Trustby
Debra Humphreys, Association of American College & Universities
Anthony Carnevale, Georgetown University Center on Education & the Workforce
Revised, 2010 edition
The Economic Value of Liberal Education
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The World is Demanding More
There is a demand for more numbers of college educated workers.
There is also a demand that those educated workers have higher levels of learning and knowledge.
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Why Is There a Need for Higher Levels of Learning?
In a globalized knowledge economy, the capacity to drive innovation is the key strategic economic advantage
Rapid scientific and technological innovations are changing the workplace and demanding more of all employees
Global interdependence and complex cross-cultural interactions increasingly define modern society and the workplace and call for new levels of knowledge and capability
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Employers Are Raising the Bar91% of employers say that they are “asking employees to
take on more responsibilities and to use a broader set of skills than in the past”
90% of employers say that their “employees are expected to work harder to coordinate with other departments than in the past.”
88% of employers say that “the challenges their employees face are more complex than they were in the past.”
88% of employers agree that “to succeed in their companies, employees need higher levels of learning and knowledge than they did in the past”
Source: “Raising the Bar: Employers’ Views on College Learning in the Wake of the Economic Downturn” (AAC&U and Hart Research Associates, 2010)
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US Economy Defined by Greater Workplace Challenges and DynamismEvery year, more than 1/3 of the entire US labor
force changes jobs.
Today's Students Will Have 10-14 Jobs by the Time They Are 38.
50% of Workers Have Been With Their Company Less Than 5 Years.
Every year, more than 30 million Americans are working in jobs that did not exist in the previous quarter.
DOL-BLS5
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Key Capabilities Open the Door for Career Success and Earnings
“Irrespective of college major or institutional selectivity, what matters to career success is students’ development of a broad set of cross-cutting capacities…”
Anthony Carnevale, Georgetown UniversityCenter on Education and the Workforce
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The Growing Demand for Higher Order SkillsSource: Council on Competitiveness, Competitiveness Index
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More College-Educated and Liberally Educated Workers are Needed but Supply
is Not Keeping up with DemandEconomists predict that by 2025, America will be 16
million college-educated workers short to meet demand, but college graduation rates are flat.
By 2018, 30 million new and replacement jobs will require some college.
At current rates, the share of all workers with at least some college will increase by only 3 percent between 2000 and 2020.
US high school graduation rates have not improved in 40 years
Sources: Lumina Foundation for Education; AAC&U, College Learning for the New Global Century (2007); Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce.
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Increasing Demand for Educated Workforce
Note: Brown indicates jobs requiring high school or less and Blue indicates jobs requiring some college or more. Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce
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Education Provides an Umbrella: High School Dropouts Bear the Brunt of Unemployment
Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce
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In a Knowledge Economy, Liberal Education Has Become the Key
to American Capability and Student Success
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“A COLLABORATION BETWEEN EDUCATORS AND EMPLOYERS”
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Narrow Learning is Not Enough!The LEAP Essential Learning Outcomes
Knowledge of Human Cultures and the Physical and Natural WorldFocused on engagement with big questions, enduring and contemporary
Intellectual and Practical SkillsPracticed extensively across the curriculum, in the context of progressively more challenging problems, projects, and standards for performance
Personal and Social ResponsibilityAnchored through active involvement with diverse communities and real-world challenges
Integrative LearningDemonstrated through the application of knowledge, skills, and responsbilities to new settings and complex problems
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Employers Strongly Endorse the LEAP “Essential Learning Outcomes” –
And They Urge New Effort to Help All Students Achieve Them
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National Surveys of Employers on College Learning and Graduates’
Work ReadinessAAC&U commissioned Hart Research Associates (in 2006, 2007, and in late 2009) to interview employers (C-level suite executives and, in 2009 additional human resource professionals) whose companies report that hiring relatively
large numbers of college graduates
Findings are summarized in the following reports:How Should Colleges Prepare Students to Succeed in Today’s Global
Economy? (AAC&U, 2007)How Should Colleges Assess and Improve Student Learning?
Employers’ Views on the Accountability Challenge (AAC&U, 2008)
Raising the Bar: Employers’ Views on College Learning in the Wake of the Economic Downturn (AAC&U, 2010)
See: www.aacu.org/leap/public_opinion_research
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Balance of Broad Knowledge and Specific Skills Preferred
59%
20%
20%
Which is more important for recent college graduates who want to pursue advancement and long-term career success at your company?
Broad range of skills and knowledge that apply to a range of fields or positions
In-depth knowledge and skills that apply to a specific field or position
BOTH in-depth AND broad range of skills and knowledge
“Raising the Bar: Employers’ Views on College Learning in the Wake of the Economic Downturn” (AAC&U and Hart Research Assoc. 2010)
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70%
70%
71%
75%
75%
79%
81%
89%
% saying two- and four-year colleges should place MORE emphasis on helping students develop these skills, qualities, capabilities, knowledge
Employers’ Top Priorities for Student Learning Outcomes in College
Effective oral/written communication
Critical thinking/ analytical reasoning
Knowledge/skills applied to real world
settings Analyze/solve complex
problemsConnect choices and
actions to ethical decisions
Teamwork skills/ ability to collaborate
Ability to innovate and be creative
Concepts/developments in science/technology
“Raising the Bar: Employers’ Views on College Learning in the Wake of the Economic Downturn” (AAC&U and Hart Research Assoc. 2010)
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52%
57%
57%
63%
65%
67%
68%
% saying two- and four-year colleges should place MORE emphasis on helping students develop these skills, qualities, capabilities, knowledge
Other Areas of Learning Needing Increased Emphasis
Locate/organize/evaluate information
Understand global context of situations/ decisions
Global issues’ implications for future
Understand & work with numbers/statistics
Understand role of U.S. in the world
Knowledge of cultural diversity in US/world
Civic knowledge, community engagement
“Raising the Bar: Employers’ Views on College Learning in the Wake of the Economic Downturn” (AAC&U and Hart Research Assoc. 2010)
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How important is it for colleges and universities to provide the type of
education described below?
This particular approach to a four-year college education provides both broad knowledge in a variety of areas of study and more in-depth knowledge in a specific major or field of interest. It also helps students develop a sense of social responsibility, as well as intellectual and practical skills that span all areas of study, such as communication, analytical, and problem-solving skills, and a demonstrated ability to apply knowledge and skills in real-world settings.
Source: How Should Colleges Prepare Students to Succeed in Today’s Global Economy? (AAC&U, 2007)19
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How important is it for colleges and universities to provide this type of
education (see previous slide)?
26%
1%4%
69%
Less/not important
Fairly important
Very important
Not sure
Business Leaders76% of employers would recommend this type of education to a young person they know.
Source: How Should Colleges Prepare Students to Succeed in Today’s Global Economy? (AAC&U, 2007)20
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“More big-picture thinking in the professions and more real-world application in the liberal arts and sciences.” Stephen H. Weiss (1935-2008)
Former Managing Director, Neuberger Berman LLC
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“[Employers] generally are...frustrated with their inability to find ‘360 degree people’ who have both the specific job/technical skills and the broader skills (communication and problem-solving skills, work ethic, and ability to work with others) necessary to promise greater success for both the individual and the employer.”
From Peter D. Hart Research Associates, Report of Findings Based on Focus Groups Among
Business Executives (AAC&U, 2006)
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Higher Level Liberal Education Skills and Abilities
= Higher Wages
Data from Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce
Center on Education and the Workforce23
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The Salary Premium for Liberal Education Outcomes
From a federal database analyzing qualifications for 1,100 different jobs, there is consistent evidence that the highest salaries apply to positions that call for intensive use of liberal education capabilities, including (random order):
Writing Inductive and Deductive ReasoningJudgment and Decision MakingProblem SolvingSocial/Interpersonal SkillsMathematicsOriginality
Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce24
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Writing
0
35,000
70,000
q1(low) q2 q3 q4 q5(high)
earn
ings
quintiles
Mean earnings of writing quintiles
Earnings
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce25
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Speaking
0
30,000
60,000
q1(low) q2 q3 q4 q5(high)
earn
ings
quintiles
Mean earnings of speaking quintiles
Earnin…
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce26
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Originality
0
30,000
60,000
q1(low) q2 q3 q4 q5(high)
earn
ings
quintiles
Mean earnings of originality quintiles
Earnings
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce27
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Judgment & Decision Making
0
35,000
70,000
q1(low) q2 q3 q4 q5(high)
earn
ings
quintiles
Mean earnings of judgement and decision making quintiles
Earnings
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce28
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Math
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce29
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Problem Solving
0
35,000
70,000
q1(low) q2 q3 q4 q5(high)
earn
ings
quintiles
Earnings of complex problem solving quintiles
Earnings
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce30
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Social Skills
0
30,000
60,000
q1(low) q2 q3 q4 q5(high)
earn
ings
quintiles
Mean earnings of social skill quintiles
Earnings
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce31
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Mean Earnings of Jobs that Emphasize Physical Ability
0
30,000
60,000
q1(low) q2 q3 q4 q5(high)
earn
ings
quintiles
Mean earnings of physical ability quintiles
Earnings
Source: Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce32
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Liberal Education and Career Success
Students should make sure their college education will help them develop these capabilities because the marketplace rewards graduates with the highest levels of achievement in these key learning outcomes.
Moreover, students who lack the hallmarks of a liberal education will not gain access to career paths that require and further develop these high level capabilities.
Source: Georgetown University Center on Education and the Workforce33
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Markers of Liberal Education AND American Capability
Evidence that Students Can Apply Liberal Learning Outcomes to
Complex, Unscripted Problems— and Real-World Settings
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Priorities for Our Shared Future
Higher achievement standards in k-12 education—college prep curriculum as default
Increased access to higher education through greater awareness, preparation, financial aid, social and academic support
Increased persistence and graduation rates in higher education
Intentionality and focus on quality and the LEAP essential learning outcomes in higher education and policy initiatives
Tracking of results—not just graduation rates, but actual achievement of key learning outcomes
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“In an economy fueled by innovation, the capabilities developed through a liberal education have become America’s most valuable economic asset.”
College Learning for the New Global Century(AAC&U, 2007)
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For full LEAP Report and the surveys on employers and recent graduates:
www.aacu.org/leap
For information from Georgetown University on Education and the Economy:www.cew.georgetown.edu
Center on Education and the Workforce37