Please take out a sheet of paper. The review for the final will begin when the bell rings.

Review your last quiz.

Work with those at your table to understand each question and answer.

We will continue reviewing for the final shortly. Take notes!!

Apply concepts relating to reproduction, genetics, DNA, and gene action.

Do now (4 min) Objectives (1

min)

Review retake quiz. (15 min)

Review other topics for semester final (30 min)

Asexual v sexual◦ How many parents?◦ Clones –genetically identical◦ or unique combinations of chromosomes?

Gametes: sperm and eggs (in sexual reprod.)◦ Formed by process of meiosis, in testes or ovaries◦ Independent assortment of the chromosomes

–leads to variation in offspring

Fertilization: gametes combine to form a zygote

Combination of traits = phenotypes (physical)

Combination of genes = genotypes (genetic)

Dominant vs recessive traits

Homozygous vs heterozygous Chromosomes are made of DNA (with proteins

attached)

Independent assortment of chromosomes during meiosis (production of gametes) leads to new combinations (variation) in offspring

Pairs of chromosomes in nucleus of body cells

Genes are on chromosomes

The code for each protein is determined by a unique gene.

Proteins are made of amino acids (about 20 different kinds).

Proteins have a variety of functions, for example:

◦ Structural (keratin)◦ Enzyme (amylase)◦ Transport (hemoglobin)

A protein’s function is determined by its amino acid sequence, which determines its shape & size.

A change in its amino acid sequence can change its shape or size, and therefore its functioning.

Chargaff’s ratio and its use as evidence for DNA structure %A=%T, %G=%C

Structure: Very long macromolecule, 2 strands

Sugar-phosphate “backbones” – held together with strong covalent bonds

Bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine

What pairs with what? - weak hydrogen bonds

A gene is a section of a DNA molecule

A gene is transcribed into mRNA, which is then translated into a protein, which has a specific structure and function.

When a gene is “expressed” it means its protein is being synthesized in this manner.

There are many different proteins, each of which are coded for by a different gene.

Different types of cells express different genes, leading to differences in the proteins present.

For example, hemoglobin is in red blood cells, and myosin is in muscle cells.

DNA base sequences of a gene can be represented by the letters A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), and G (guanine) like this: TATACCGTGACT

What would the complementary strand be?

A gene is transcribed into mRNA. What mRNA sequence would be created from the original sequence?

DNA base sequences of a gene can be represented by the letters A (adenine), T (thymine), C (cytosine), and G (guanine) like this:

TATACCGTGACT

What would the complementary strand be? ATATGGCACTGA

A gene is transcribed into mRNA. What mRNA sequence would be created from the original sequence?

AUAUGGCACUGA

In what type of cell would a mutation need to happen in order for it to be inherited by an organism’s offspring?

After fertilization, when would a new mutation need to happen in order for it to be found in all of the new organism’s cells?

Will count as final retake for 3 standards.

In addition, the total grade is worth 10% of your grade.

Therefore, STUDY!