Download - Plants water&soil
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Plants & Water Plants contain large amounts of water. Most herbaceous parts of plants are over
80% water.
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Plants use water for several purposes
Photosynthesis: For each molecule of glucose made by plants, 6 or more molecules of water must be broken apart.
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Plants use water for several purposes
Turgor: The abundant presence of water in the cell stiffens the herbaceous parts of the plant.
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Plants use water for several purposes
Hydrolysis: Plants often break apart large molecules by adding water molecules or parts of water molecules.
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Plants use water for several
purposes
Translocation: The materials in a plant can be moved only if they are dissolved in water.
Clay, loess & loam - what is good
soil ?
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Soil
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Soil is the unconsolidated mineral material on the immediate surface of the Earth that serves as a natural medium for the growth of land plants.
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composition of soil by volume
Ideal fertile soil Mineral 45% Organic matter 5% Water 25% Air 25%
http://jpkc.snnu.edu.cn/geog/webasp/kj/kejian/6%20turangquan.ppt
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soil particle
Sizemm
Minerals (%)
SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 CaO MgO K2O Na2O P2O5
1~0.2 83.92 9.34 1.12 1.79 0.38 1.78 1.21 0.08
0.2~0.04 73.87 13.47 4.21 3.05 1.05 1.73 1.53 0.12
0.04~0.01 70.15 14.04 5.86 2.15 1.05 1.48 3.89 0.21
0.01~0.002 67.21 18.91 7.85 1.45 1.63 2.51 1.27 0.29
<0.002 44.08 27.67 21.81 0.58 1.61 1.10 0.96 0.36
The larger the particles are, the more SiO2 the soil has, the more barren it is.
http://netc.nwsuaf.edu.cn/jingpin/2003/turangxue/ppt/2.1.ppt
12http://netc.nwsuaf.edu.cn/jingpin/2003/turangxue/ppt/2.1.ppt
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http://netc.nwsuaf.edu.cn/jingpin/2003/turangxue/ppt/2.1.ppt
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Soil types Soil texture
clay clay
loesssilt, with small amount of clay and sand
loam sand, silt, clay
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Clay
Mineral: Al2[(OH)4Si2O5] · nH2O
Al2O3 · 2SiO2 · 2H2O etc.
poor aeration and drainage
plastic when wet, when dry become firm
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Clay is only good for paddy rice fields.
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loess
Mineral: most carbonates
small amount of clay minerals
good aeration, water-holding ability
easy to be transported by river and wind
for example: 1935 dust storm in midwest United States
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loam
mixture of clay, silt and sand sandy, plastic when wet easily water contain more nutrients than sandy soils ideal fertile soil
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soil pH value
The chemistry of plant elements in the soil can be affected by pH.
Soil pH is the measurement of acidity (sourness) and alkalinity (sweetness).
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If the soil pH is acid, or extremely low, some micronutrients become too soluble and occur in concentrations great enough to harm plant.
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If soil pH is high, in the alkaline range, many of the nutrients can be precipitated out and not be available to plants.
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The best pH value for plants is 6,5 .
in soil pH in soil pH
Na2CO3
NaHCO3
MgCO3
CaCO3 CaCO3-withCO2
Ca(HCO3)2
12~138.5~9.511.4710.208.48
6.13~8.4
CaSO4
H2O
Na2SO4, MgSO4, NaCl, MgCl2
NH4ClH2CO3
KAl(SO4)2; AlCl3
7.07.7~7.1
6.3~6.5~6.84.7
3.9~5.72~4
soil pH value
http://netc.nwsuaf.edu.cn/jingpin/2003/turangxue/ppt/5.1.ppt
27http://netc.nwsuaf.edu.cn/jingpin/2003/turangxue/ppt/5.1.ppt
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FruitPLANT TYPE SOIL pH
Apple 5.0-6.5
Apricot 6.0-7.0
Arbor Vitae 6.0-7.5
Blueberry, high bush 4.0-5.0
Cherry, sour 6.0-7.0
Cherry, sweet 6.0-7.5
Crab apple 6.0-7.5
Cranberry, large 4.2-5.0
Peach 6.0-7.5
Pineapple 5.0-6.0
Raspberry, red 5.5-7.0
Strawberry 5.0-6.5
http://netc.nwsuaf.edu.cn/jingpin/2003/turangxue/ppt/5.1.ppt
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VegetablesPLANT TYPE SOIL pH
Asparagus 6.0-8.0
Beets, table 6.0-7.5
Broccoli 6.0-7.0
Cabbage 6.0-7.5
Carrot 5.5-7.0
Cauliflower 5.5-7.5
Celery 5.8-7.0
Cucumber 5.5-7.0
Lettuce 6.0-7.0
Muskmelon 6.0-7.0
Onion 5.8-7.0
Potato 4.8-6.5
Rhubarb 5.5-7.0
Spinach 6.0-7.5
Tomato 5.5-7.5 http://netc.nwsuaf.edu.cn/jingpin/2003/turangxue/ppt/5.1.ppt
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Summary
Clay: perfect water-holding ability good for paddy rice fields. Both loess and loam can be tillable soil for
most of plants. But loam is better, because of more
nutrients. more than 1.5% organic matter pH value by 6.5
Different soil types develop in Different soil types develop in different climates.different climates.
Soils-4-1Image: T. Loynachan
Prairie soils have a dark surface layer Prairie soils have a dark surface layer (horizon), are rich in minerals, and form in (horizon), are rich in minerals, and form in
grasslands widespread across Earth’s grasslands widespread across Earth’s middle latitudes.middle latitudes.
Soils-4-2
Images: NRCS
Forest soils have a light gray upper Forest soils have a light gray upper horizon, a horizon rich in aluminum horizon, a horizon rich in aluminum
and/or iron, and form in warm to cool and/or iron, and form in warm to cool humid regions where coniferous forests humid regions where coniferous forests
grow.grow.
Image: Soil Classifiers of Michigan
Tropical soils are reddish and iron-oxide Tropical soils are reddish and iron-oxide rich, depleted in nutrients, and form in rich, depleted in nutrients, and form in
humid and warm regions.humid and warm regions.
Soils-4-4Images: National Cooperative Soil Survey, University of Nebraska
Organic soils are dark colored, rich in Organic soils are dark colored, rich in decomposed organic matter, and form in decomposed organic matter, and form in poorly drained lowlands such as swamps poorly drained lowlands such as swamps
and wetlands.and wetlands.
Soils-4-5Images: Bruce Molnia, Soil Classifiers of Michigan
Desert soils form in arid settings and are Desert soils form in arid settings and are commonly rich in calcium carbonate.commonly rich in calcium carbonate.
Images: Martin Miller, NRCS
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Tundra soils form in Arctic environments, Tundra soils form in Arctic environments, have a dark organic-rich upper layer, and a have a dark organic-rich upper layer, and a
mineral rich layer over frozen ground.mineral rich layer over frozen ground.
Soils-4-7Images: Travis Hudson, Alaska/Yukon Society of Professional Soil Scientists