![Page 1: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times
Peter Marschall, P.E.Associate Facilities Program Coordinator
SUNY ESF, Syracuse, NY
Jeffrey L. Robbins, P.E.Senior Principal Engineer
C&S Engineers, Inc., Syracuse, NY
Presented by:
![Page 2: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Objectives
1. Recognize the basic concepts of site electrical infrastructure systems.
2. Evaluate opportunities and means for increasing electrical distribution reliability and their impact on costs.
3. Predict when replacement or modifications of the electrical infrastructure primary components must occur.
4. Explore ways to identify value added components to electrical distribution projects.
![Page 3: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Agenda
What Triggers Expansion? Campus Planning & Electrical Infrastructure Site Electrical Distribution 101 System Considerations Cost Reduction Measures Value Added Components Construction Issues Lessons Learned
![Page 4: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What Triggers Expansion?
Crisis
Opportunity
Program
![Page 5: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Crisis
Failures within electrical system Electrical demand capacity
exceeded No expansion capabilities left
![Page 6: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Opportunity
Incorporate infrastructure as part of other projects New buildings Building additions Site beautification projects
Works best if utility master-plan is in place
![Page 7: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Program
Starts with a master plan of the utilities Should overlay with campus master plan
Provides for orderly upgrade of systems Can set up series of phases for improvements or
replacement of systems
Makes life easier for the Crisis and Opportunity upgrades
![Page 8: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Campus Planning
Open communications with all levels of the Campus
Coordinate with Campus Master Plan Buildings getting bigger with more technology Create tandem utility infrastructure plan if possible
Remember buried infrastructure during surface beatification projects
![Page 9: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Electrical Site Distribution 101
Basic Distribution Overview Definitions
Radial Network Loop Primary Selective
Review of different configurations Pros & cons
![Page 10: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Basic Distribution Overview
Basic components: Utility service Substation (if required) Distribution switchgear Distribution system
DistributionSwitchgear
Substation
![Page 11: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Definitions
Radial: A single simultaneous path of power flow to the load.
Network: More than one simultaneous path of power flow to the load.
Loop: Two paths of power flow to multiple loads that can be sectionalized.
Primary Selective (Dual Radial): Two radial feeders to each load.
![Page 12: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Radial Feeder Configuration
Bldg. 1 Bldg. 2 Bldg. 3
Bldg. 6 Bldg. 4Bldg. 5
SubstationUtilityService
MH-5MH-3
MH-4MH-2
MH-1
Splice
![Page 13: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Loop Feeder Configuration
Substation
Tie
Bus 1
Bus 2
UtilityService
Bldg. 1
NC NC
NCNC
Bldg. 2
NC NC
Bldg. 3
NC NO
Bldg. 6
NCNC
Bldg. 5
NCNC
Bldg. 4
![Page 14: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Primary Selective Feeders
Substation
Tie
Bus 1
Bus 2
UtilityService
Bldg. 1
NO NC
NONC
Bldg. 2
NC NO
Bldg. 3
NO NC
Bldg. 6
NCNO
Bldg. 5
NONC
Bldg. 4
MH-1
MH-2
MH-3
MH-4
MH-5
Splice
![Page 15: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Radial Feeder Analysis
Pro Least Amount of
Equipment Least Capital CostSimplest configuration
ConAny one failure will take
out entire feederMany splices, usually in
manholesCannot isolate a single
buildingMost susceptible to wide
spread outage
![Page 16: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Loop Feeder Analysis
Pro 2 services to each buildingEasy to isolate buildingsHigh reliability Lower capital cost than
Primary Selective Flexible construction
ConOperation ConsiderationsMore equipment than Radial
FeedersHigher Capital Cost than
Radial Feeders
![Page 17: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Primary Selective Analysis
Pro 2 services to each buildingHigh reliabilityEasiest to balance loads
on feeders Isolate main busses for
maintenanceAllows for double-ended
substations in buildings
ConMost amount of splices Time consuming to isolate
1 feederMore equipment that
Radial FeedersHighest capital cost
![Page 18: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Hybrid Feeder Configuration
UtilityService
Bldg. 4
Substation
Tie
Bus 1
Bus 2
Bldg. 2
NC NO
Bldg. 3
NCNO
Bldg. 5
MH-1
MH-2 MH-3
MH-4
Bldg. 6
NCNONC NC
Bldg. 1
![Page 19: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
System Considerations
Reliability How much do we really need?
Expansion Review your Campus Master Plan
Existing distribution What do you have?
Public utilities Coordination
![Page 20: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How much Reliability do we need?
How long can any one building be down? Are there critical loads?
Critical experiments Research & development Critical life support (hospitals)
Risk assessment How much is reliability worth?
Reliability of utility company’s service
![Page 21: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Review Campus Master Plan
What projects are anticipated that will increase load?
What are your anticipated loads?
Critical nature of facilities? Adding critical life safety Adding research & development
Scheduling of projects?
Where are new facilities going to be located?
![Page 22: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Existing Distribution System?
What is the capacity, condition & age? Substation, cables, ductbanks, bldg. transformers
Existing loads and where are they? Load profile Identify choke points in distribution
What configuration exists? Spare capacity in ductbanks? Hazardous material?
Asbestos (ductbanks, fire proof., insulation) PCB’s (Trans., switches, cables, potheads) Lead (cable sheathing)
![Page 23: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Public Utility Coordination
What can the utility provide? Service voltage Service capacity Independent services
Any special tariffs? Voltage migration Co-generation surcharges Crossing public thru-fares
Cost associated with any changes? Utility service reliability? Distributed generation on campus?
![Page 24: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Additional Considerations
Reliability requirements will drive system configuration Reliability has to be balanced with what you can afford
(cost vs. benefit) Can we and/or should we salvage any of the existing
system?SubstationCablesBuilding transformersDuctbank system
![Page 25: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Additional Considerations (cont.)
What voltage should be used? Can the existing voltage be utilized?
Maintain existing substation if adequateMaintain existing building transformersUtilize existing cables
Higher the voltage, smaller cables can be usedCan save moneyMay have to replace all building transformersWhat can campus electrical personnel handle?Larger equipment size
Substation required?
![Page 26: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Additional considerations (cont.)
What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial – least expensive/least reliable Loop – reliable, flexible, expandable, easiest to construct Primary selective – reliable, flexible, allows for double
ended substations in buildings Combination – hybrid system
How will system upgrades/replacement be completed? Single project Phase project Incorporated into other projects
![Page 27: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
System Sizing
Look at existing loads plus future growth
If substation, transformers should be designed for n+1 configuration for reliability and redundancy Estimated load + 10 MVA 1 – 10 MVA xfmr + 1 – 10 MVA backup, total 2 xfmrs 2 – 5 MVA xfmrs + 1 – 5 MVA backup, total 3 xfmrs
For loop and selective primary systems, each side should be designed to carry full load of circuit
![Page 28: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Ductbank Layouts
Configurations: Radial feed – Spline through campus with offshoots to
buildings Primary selective – similar to radial, sometimes with
separate manholes for each feeder. Loop system – loop around campus, try not to double
cable back in themselves for separation.
Existing utilities and electric room locations can dictate layout
Need good utility survey Ground penetrating radar (GPR) good for locating depths
of utilities
![Page 29: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
3 Loop Distribution
![Page 30: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Cost Reduction Measures
First, need to look at cost vs. benefit
Can existing ductbank be reused: In proper location? In good condition? Right size and spares available?
Reuse of existing equipment
Downsize equipment
Voltage level
Construction in phases Build future capacity later
![Page 31: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Value Added Enhancements
Sidewalks
Roads
Plaza Areas
Landscaping
Drainage
Communications
Other Utilities
Campuswide metering
![Page 32: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Campus Communications
Early and frequent communications with administration, faculty, staff and students. Communications started a year prior to construction Campus briefings:
Outlined goals, benefits, scope, and impact on buildings
Departmental briefings:Focus departmental needs through department liaisons
Individual meetings Emails Websites
![Page 33: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Preparation for Construction
Buildings will be shut down!
Required to be unoccupied during construction Impractical and costly in most cases to temporarily power
entire buildings. Some occupancy may be required
Researchers attend to flora and fauna
Try to schedule shutdowns on breaks, summer, holidays
Coordinate temporary work provisions
Schedule shutdowns as early as possible
![Page 34: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Temporary Power Provisions
Identify critical electrical loads Department meetings On-line surveys Building walk-throughs with occupants and trades staff Protect critical research Chemical storage
Maintain critical services University police, student health Central receiving, mail Vehicle maintenance and fueling
Expect last minute additions to lists
![Page 35: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Construction Issues
With existing radial systems, multiple shutdowns required at most buildings Building shutdown schedule dictated in contract documents
Maintain fire detection and alarm systems
Temporary generators/transformers Backfeed through breakers in existing switchgear Temporary distribution panels
![Page 36: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Construction Issues
Campus and building Access, Parking Maintain handicap parking and building access
Coordination with fire department for access
![Page 37: Planning Electrical Infrastructure in Changing Times · Additional considerations (cont.) What is the best configuration to use? Again, driven by reliability, followed by cost Radial](https://reader034.vdocuments.site/reader034/viewer/2022042123/5e9ee2a4a3186e1dff12f582/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lessons Learned
Building occupants will consider project a nuisance, however, will soon forget.
Communications is key from concept through construction. Communicate early and frequently.
Have contingency plans during construction.
Plan now to avoid crisis mode or take advantage of an opportunity.
Plan for growth, it will happen.