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Pertemuan 4
Membangun Teknologi Informasi
Matakuliah : H0402/PENGELOLAAN SISTEM KOMPUTER
Tahun : 2005
Versi : 1/0
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Learning Outcomes
Pada akhir pertemuan ini, diharapkan mahasiswa
akan mampu :
• Menjelaskan metodologi pengembangan teknologi informasi, metodologi pembelian sistem aplikasi serta penerapan end user computing
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Outline Materi
• Mengembangkan Sistem Aplikasi
• Membeli Sistem Aplikasi
• Memfasilitasi User menggunakan komputer untuk mengembangkan sistem aplikasi
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
• DEFINITION PHASE: – Feasibility analysis– Requirement definition
• CONSTRUCTION PHASE:– System design– System building– System testing
• IMPLEMENTATION PHASE:– Installation– Operations– Maintenance
*
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PROTOTYPING LIFE CYCLE
1. IDENTIFY REQUIREMENTS
2. DEVELOP INITIAL PROTOTYPE
3. USE PROTOTYPE, NOTE CHANGES
4. REVISE, ENHANCE PROTOTYPE: Return to Step 3 as needed
5. EVALUATE OPERATIONAL SYSTEM
6. MAKE CHANGES OR ABANDON
7. INSTALL, OPERATE, MAINTAIN
*
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JOINT APPLICATION DESIGN (JAD)
• TECHNIQUE INVOLVING TEAM OF USERS, IS SPECIALISTS
• INTENSE, STRUCTURED PROCESS
• DEVELOP REQUIREMENTS OR REVIEW DESIGN PROPOSAL
• CAN LAST HOURS, DAYS, OFTEN AT LOCATION REMOVED FROM WORKPLACE
*
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COMPUTER-AIDED SOFTWARE ENGINEERING (CASE)
COLLECTION OF SOFTWARE TOOLS TO AUTOMATE SDLC PROCESSES:
• DIAGRAMMING TOOLS• COMPUTER DISPLAY, REPORT GENERATORS• ANALYSIS TOOLS• CENTRAL REPOSITORY• DOCUMENTATION GENERATORS• CODE GENERATORS
*
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RAPID APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT (RAD)
• HYBRID OF SDLC, PROTOTYPING, JAD, CASE
• PRODUCE SYSTEM IN 6 MONTHS OR LESS
• STEPS:– PLANNING – USER DESIGN – CONSTRUCTION– IMPLEMENTATION (CUTOVER)
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OBJECT-ORIENTED METHODS (O-O)
• HOLD GREAT PROMISE TO PRODUCE BETTER SYSTEMS AT LESS COST
• OBJECTS HIGHLY COHESIVE, LOOSELY COUPLED, REUSABLE
• CAN REDUCE ERRORS, IMPROVE MAINTENANCE
*
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SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT APPROACHES
• SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE (SDLC)
• PROTOTYPING
• PURCHASED SOFTWARE
• OUTSOURCING (SYSTEMS INTEGRATOR)
• END USER DEVELOPMENT
*
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MAKE-OR -BUY DECISION
• ASSESS RISKS & BENEFITS• MAKE: Use SDLC , prototyping, RAD if
organization has IS skills. Can save cost, speed implementation
• BUY: If vendor offers acceptable product and required support at lower cost, faster time than in-house development could provide. Usually system must be modified to meet organization’s needs
*
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THE PURCHASING PROCESS
• DEFINITION PHASE
• CONSTRUCTION PHASE
• IMPLEMENTATION PHASE
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REQUEST FOR PROPOSAL (RFP)
• DOCUMENT SENT TO POTENTIAL VENDORS INVITING THEM TO SUBMIT A PROPOSAL TO FURNISH A SYSTEM
• PROVIDES DETAILED INFORMATION ABOUT THE DESIRED SYSTEM, ITS ENVIRONMENT, MATERIAL REQUIRED FROM VENDOR, AND GENERAL CRITERIA USED TO EVALUATE PROPOSALS
*
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SAMPLE CONTENTS OF RFP
1. INTRODUCTION
2. GUIDELINES FOR RESPONSE
3. REQUIREMENTS
4. COSTS
5. SIGNATURE PAGE
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MATCHING COMPANY NEEDS WITH PACKAGE CAPABILITIES
PACKAGE PACKAGE CAPABILITIESCAPABILITIES
COMPANY COMPANY NEEDSNEEDS
IDENTIFY IDENTIFY DISCREPANCIESDISCREPANCIES
CHOOSE CHOOSE ALTERNATIVESALTERNATIVES
MODIFY MODIFY PACKAGEPACKAGE
CHANGE CHANGE COMPANYCOMPANY
LIVE WITH LIVE WITH PROBLEMSPROBLEMS
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ROLES FOR PURCHASING PACKAGED APPLICATIONS
• PROJECT MANAGER: Manages process, responsible for the success of the project, may be user but IS expertise required
• VENDOR: Must be responsive to customer’s needs
• PURCHASING SPECIALIST: Helps prepare RFP, assist in entire process
• ATTORNEYS: Oversee writing, approval of contract
*
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END-USER COMPUTING
• HANDS-ON USE OF COMPUTERS BY EMPLOYEES
• ENTER DATA• MAKE INQUIRIES• PREPARE REPORTS• PERFORM STATISTICAL ANALYSIS• ANALYZE PROBLEMS• DEVELOP WEB PAGES
*
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PRIMARY DRIVERS
• AVAILABILITY OF LOW-COST MICROCOMPUTERS:– HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES– COMPUTER LITERACY AMONG COLLEGE
GRADUATES, PROFESSIONALS
• INCREASED USER FRUSTRATIONS ABOUT NEW PROJECT BACKLOGS
*
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USER APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
• USE OF COMPUTER TOOLS
• DEVELOP BUSINESS APPLICATIONS
• USERS ARE NOT IS SPECIALISTS
• INVOLVES APPLICATION, TOOL & DEVELOPER
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GUIDELINES FOR CHOOSING DEVELOPMENT PROCESS
DEVELOPED DEVELOPED FOR OTHER FOR OTHER USERSUSERS
DEVELOPED DEVELOPED FOR SELF FOR SELF USER ONLYUSER ONLY
SMALL, SIMPLESMALL, SIMPLE LARGE, LARGE, COMPLEXCOMPLEX
1 2
3 4
1. SDLC OR 1. SDLC OR PROTOTYPING, PROTOTYPING, DISCIPLINED DISCIPLINED APPROACH TO APPROACH TO DEFINITION & DEFINITION & IMPLEMENTATIONIMPLEMENTATION
2. SDLC, CLEAR 2. SDLC, CLEAR “HANDS-OFF” “HANDS-OFF” BETWEEN PHASESBETWEEN PHASES
3. “COLLAPSED” LIFE 3. “COLLAPSED” LIFE CYCLECYCLE
4. DISCIPLINED, 4. DISCIPLINED, ITERATIVE ITERATIVE DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
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LEVERAGING END-USER COMPUTING
CONTEXT:CONTEXT:
ORGANIZATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL FACTORSLEVEL FACTORS
DEPARTMENTAL DEPARTMENTAL LEVEL FACTORSLEVEL FACTORS
STATUS OF STATUS OF IS/USER IS/USER PARTNERSHIPPARTNERSHIP
ORGANIZATION LEVELORGANIZATION LEVEL
SUPPORT & SUPPORT & CONTROL CONTROL ACTIONSACTIONS
STRATEGYSTRATEGY
TECHNOLOGYTECHNOLOGY
INDIVIDUAL LEVELINDIVIDUAL LEVEL
DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENT
PROCESSPROCESSTASKTASK
TOOLTOOL
USER USER DEVELOPERDEVELOPER
*Based on Branceau & Brown, 1993
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ORGANIZATIONAL LEVEL
• STRATEGY: Strategic objectives and approach to end-user computing
• TECHNOLOGY: Range & accessibility of end-user tools
• SUPPORT & CONTROL ACTIONS: Support services, control policies & procedures
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• Mengembangkan Sistem Aplikasi
• Membeli Sistem Aplikasi
• Memfasilitasi User menggunakan komputer untuk mengembangkan sistem aplikasi
Membangun Teknologi Informasi