Download - Perception
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Perception
The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to
recognize meaningful objects and events.
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Perception• The active process of
selecting, organizing, and interpreting the information brought to the brain by the senses
• Perception is the way we interpret sensations and therefore make sense of everything around us
• Example:
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Top Down Processing• Processing information from
the senses with higher level mental processes using our experiences and expectations
• Using your background knowledge to fill in the gaps
• Examples:
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Gestalt Psychology• Gestalt - focused on how we GROUP objects
together as an organized whole.
• Example:
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Figure Ground RelationshipFigure –ground - Our first perceptual decision is what in the image is the figure and what is the background.Example:
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Grouping•Grouping – tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups and not isolated elements.•Examples
closure
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Depth Cues• Depth Perception – allows us
to judge distance because we see thing in three dimension even though images strike retina in two dimensions
• Visual Cliff Experiment - Eleanor Gibson – If you are old enough to crawl,
you are old enough to see depth perception.
• See depth by using two cues• Examples
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Binocular Cues• Binocular cues –
depth cues that depend on the use of two eyes.
• Examples:
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Monocular Cues• Monocular cues –
depth cues available to either eye alone
• Examples:
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Interposition
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Relative Size
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Relative Height
Horizontal vertical illusion
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Linear Perspective
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Relative Motion
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Light and Shadow
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Texture Gradient
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Perceived Motion• Stroboscopic effect – continuous
movement in a rapid series of slightly varying images– Example:
• Phi phenomenon – an allusion created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession
• Example:
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Constancy• Perpetual constancy –
perceiving objects as unchanging even as illumination and retinal images change• Objects change in our
eyes constantly as we or they move….but we are able to maintain content perception
• Examples
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Perceptual Constancy• Shape constancy –
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Perceptual Constancy
• Shape Constancy illusion– some times we perceive the shape of something to change with the angle of our view
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Perceptual Constancy• Size constancy –
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Perceptual Constancy• Size constancy illusion–
sometimes perceive objects as having a changing size because of the interplay between perceived size and distance
• Moon illusion
• Ponzo illusion
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Ames Room
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Lightness Constancy• Lightness constancy
aka Brightness constancy – perceiving an object as having constant lightness even while its illumination varies.
• Depends on…– Relative luminance –
the amount of light an object reflects relative to its surroundings
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Color Constancy• Color constancy – perceiving
familiar objects as having constant color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
• Depends on what we’re comparing it to…– Surrounding context – color
comes not only from the wavelength information received by cones, but also from the surrounding context
– Surrounding objects – light is reflected not only from the object, but other objects surrounding it.
Example:
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Perceptual Interpretation
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Sensory Deprivation and Restored Vision
• Experiments on sensory deprivation–Brains cortical cells don’t develop normal connections
–Critical period
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Perceptual Adaptation
Perceptual adaptation – the ability to adjust to artificially displaced or inverted visual field
Example:
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Perceptual SetPerceptual set (aka mental predisposition) –
mental predisposition to perceive one thing and not another– Schemas – concepts that organize and
interpret unfamiliar info/ambiguous situations Examples:
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Context Effects• Context effects – perceptual
set can be influenced by the context (expectations and emotions, and motivations)
• Examples:
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Perception is a Biopsychosocial Phenomenon
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Is There Extrasensory Perception?
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Parapsychology
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Claims of ESP• Parapsychology – study of paranormal phenomena
including ESP and psychokinesis• Extrasensory Perception – claim that perception can
occur apart from sensory input Examples:
• Psychokinesis (PK) – mind over matter (levitation)