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NS1300 – Emergence of Modern Science
Evolution
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WHY IS THERE SO MUCH CONTROVERSY ABOUT EVOLUTION?
What did Theodore Dobzhansky mean when he said, “Nothing in biology makes sense without evolution”?
What are the facts?
Where is the evidence?
Okay, so what’s the big deal?
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
PlatoPlato’s Ideal
AristotleScala naturaeFuture Causes
The Chain of Being
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THE LONG ROAD TO RECOVERY
Linnaeus taxonomy
Hutton gradualism
Lamarck evolution
Malthus populations
Cuvier extinction
Lyell uniformitarianism
Adam Smith Invisible hand
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DARWIN
Voyage of the Beagle
Origin of Species
WallaceNatural Selection
Mendel
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NATURAL SELECTION AND ADAPTATION
Species Fecundity
Stable Populations
Environmental Resources are Limited
Struggle for Survival
Variation within Populations
Differential Survivability
Successful Traits Accumulate
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PATTERNS OF EVOLUTION Homology
Vestigial Traits
Biogeography
The Fossil Record
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MODERN SYNTHESIS Theodosius Dobzhansky
Sewell Wright
Watson and Crick
Ernst Mayr
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PATTERNS IN EVOLUTION Natural Selection
Genetic Drift
Bottleneck Effect
Founder Effect
Mutation
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VARIATION Variation Within
Populations Polymorphism Gene diversity Nucleotide diversity
Variation Between Populations Geographic variation Sexual recombination
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FITNESS Optima
Relative Fitness
SelectionDirectional selectionDiversifying selectionStabilizing selection
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LEVEL OF SELECTION
Gene selection
Species selection
Population selection
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SEXUAL SELECTION
Sexual dimorphism
Mate Choice
Competition
The Ant and the Peacock
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PERFECTION Evolution is limited by history
Adaptations is limited by survivability
There are no future causes
Chance happens
Not all change is good
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MACROEVOLUTION Biological Species Concept
Ecological Species Concept
Pluralistic Species Concept
Morphological Species Concept
Genealogical Species Concept
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GENETIC ISOLATION
Anagenesis
Cladogenesis
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PREZYGOTIC ISOLATION
Habitat isolation
Behavioral isolation
Temporal isolation
Mechanical isolation
Gametic isolation
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SPECIATION
Allopatric Speciation
Sympatic Speciation
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EXAMPLES OF SPECIATION
Ring Species
Adaptive Radiation on Island Chains
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RATES OF SPECIATION
Gradualism
Catastrophism
Punctuated Equilibrium
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THE ROLE OF DEVELOPMENT
Allometric Growth
Heterochrony
Paedomorphosis
Homeotic Genes
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RATES OF MUTATION
Genetic Clocks
Mitochondrial DNA
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CLADISTICS Tree Clade
Monophyletic Groups Shared primitive
characteristics Shared derived
characteristics Outgroups
Parsimony
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HUMANS
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TO BE HUMAN Brain Size
Jaw Shape
Bipedal Posture
Reduced Dimorphism
Social Structure
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QUIZ 1. T or F, acquired characteristics can be passed on to offspring.
2. T or F, natural selection is one mechanism for evolution.
3. T or F, evolution is random.
4. T or F., the discovery of DNA structure helped bring about a “modern synthesis” in evolution theory.
5. T or F, humans and apes share a common ancestor.