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Movement Through
the Cell Membrane
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Cellular Movement
All living organisms rely on diffusion
– Get oxygen for respiration
– Removing waste products
– Transpiration in plants
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Cellular Movement
The cell membrane helps to regulate
what moves into and out of the cell
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The Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is like a soap
bubble.
– Flexible membrane
– Seals the inside of the cell from its
outside environment
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The Cell Membrane
All cells have a cell membrane
Function:
a. Regulates what enters and exits the cell to maintain an internal balance called
b. Provides protection and support for the cell
c. Takes in food and water and eliminates wastes
homeostasis
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The Cell Membrane
The cell membrane is made up of a
double layered sheet known as the
phospholipid bilayer
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Phospholipid
Lipid Bilayer
The Cell Membrane
Structure
a. Phosphate head is
hydrophylic
b. Fatty acid tails
hydrophobic
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The cell membrane Is a “mosaic” of many
different molecules
The Cell Membrane
And is
“fluid”
due to the
movement
of its
molecules
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Cell membrane is selectively permeable
It has pores (holes) in it which allows some
molecules in and keeps other molecules out
This structure
helps it be
selective!
The Cell Membrane
Pore Carbohydrate
chains
Lipid bilayer
Proteins
Cell membrane
Protein
channel
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Outside of cell
Inside of cell (cytoplasm)
Lipid Bilayer
Proteins
Transport Protein Phospholipids
Carbohydrate chains
The Cell Membrane Review
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Passive Transport - doesn’t use energy
1. Diffusion
2. Osmosis
3. Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport -uses energy
1. Protein Pumps
2. Exocytosis
3. Endocytosis high
low
This is
gonna
be hard
work!!
high
low
Weeee!!
!
Types of Cellular Transport
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Molecules move randomly
Area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration.
Passive Transport
high
low
Weeee!!
!
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Diffusion continues until all molecules
are evenly spaced (equilibrium is
reached)-Note: molecules will still
move around but stay
spread out.
1. Diffusion
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Gas exchange at the alveoli and blood
Gas exchange for photosynthesis
through the stomata
Gas exchange for respiration
1. Diffusion
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Diffusion of water through a selectively
permeable membrane
2. Osmosis
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Absorption of water by plant roots
Re-absorption of water in the kidneys
Absorption of water by the alimentary canal
2. Osmosis
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2. Osmosis
Water is so small and there is so much of it, the cell can’t control it’s movement through the cell membrane.
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When there are more
water molecules
OUTSIDE the cell,
water moves INTO
the cell. The Cell
swells.
2. Osmosis at work
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When there are
more water
molecules INSIDE
the cell, water
moves OUT OF
the cell the Cell
shrinks.
2. Osmosis at work
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Effect of salt
– Salt makes water move out of the cell so
it dries the cell out
2. Osmosis at work
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Different Solutions
HYPERTONIC: The solution has a higher concentration of solutes and a lower concentration of water than inside the cell.
Water moves across the membrane out of the cell
2. Osmosis at work
(High solute; Low water)
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Hypertonic Solution
Hypertonic:
Result: Water moves from inside the cell….out
into the solution:
shrinks
Cell shrinks (Plasmolysis)!
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Different Solutions
HYPOTONIC: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell.
Water moves across the membrane into the cell
2. Osmosis at work
(Low solute; High water)
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Hypotonic Solution
Hypotonic:
Result: Water moves from the solution to inside
the cell: Cell swells and bursts open (cytolysis)!
swells
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Different Solutions
HYPOTONIC: The solution has a lower concentration of solutes and a higher concentration of water than inside the cell.
Water moves across the membrane into the cell
2. Osmosis at work
(Equal solute; Equal water)
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Isotonic Solution
Isotonic: (equal solute; equal water)
Result: Water moves equally in both directions
and the cell remains same size!
Osmosis Animations for
isotonic, hypertonic, and
hypotonic solutions
(Dynamic Equilibrium)
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A C B
Hypertonic Isotonic Hypotonic
What type of solution are these cells in?
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•In plants, the pressure exerted on the cell wall is
called tugor pressure.
How Organisms Deal
with Osmotic Pressure
Effect of
Osmosis on
Plant Cells
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Certain molecules are
able to diffuse
directly across the
lipid bilayer
(simple diffusion)
while others diffuse
across the membrane
differently
(facilitated diffusion)
3. Facilitated Diffusion
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Glucose
Amino acids
3. Facilitated Diffusion
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Carrier Proteins- allow the diffusion of
molecules across the membrane if they are
unable to cross via the cell membrane.
3. Facilitated Diffusion
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Much like the Shape-O toy,
protein channels are
specific to certain kinds
of molecules.
3. Facilitated Diffusion
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Definition
Active Transport
The movement of material against the
concentration gradient, that is from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration
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this type of
transport requires
_______
in the form of ATP.
energy
Active Transport
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Active Transport
Re-absorption of products in the
kidney
Sodium and potassium in cell
membranes
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•Actively moves molecules to where
they are needed
•Different types:
*Protein Pump
•Endocytosis
•Exocytosis
Active Transport
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Transport Proteins
move ions against the
force of diffusion
•Example: sodium /
potassium pump
are important in
nerve responses. Protein changes
shape to move
molecules: this
requires energy!
1. Protein Pumps
Show video clip
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Sodium
Potassium Pumps
(Active Transport
using proteins)
1. Protein Pumps
How Does This Happen?
– Solute binds to protein
– Mitochondria provides
energy that changes the
shape of the protein
– Change in shape allows solute to be
moved across membrane
– System resets
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Key fact:
ALL forms of
active transport
require . . .
ENERGY!!!
Active Transport
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•http://www.northland.cc.mn.us/biology/
Biology1111/animations/active1.swf
•Cellular Movement
This is a great review of all the
cellular transport processes
Types of Cellular Transport