Modeling and Prototypes
Presentation 4.4.1Explanation
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
The Unit Big Idea
The Engineering Design process is a systematic, iterative problem solving method which produces solutions to meet human wants
and desires.
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The Lesson Big Idea
At various intervals of the engineering design process,
conceptual, physical, and mathematical models evaluate
the design solution.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Modeling
As learned in the engagement there are three different ways to represent our world Written & Spoken Mathematical Graphical
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Modeling
During design process, check for proper design to note areas of needed improvements Conceptual, physical, and
mathematical models evaluate the design solution
Usefulness of models can be tested by comparing predictions to observations in the real world
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models
Conceptual models Allow designs to quickly be checked
and critiqued Design may be refined and improved.
Technical sketching is a design tool used to create conceptual models
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Conceptual Models
Several types of technical sketching
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Isometric Oblique Perspective Orthographic (note:
already discussed in exploration)
Isometric
3D drawings of objects using true measurements
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Front & side drawn at a 30o to horizontal
For more info, search for “isometric drawing”
ISOMETRIC GRID
Oblique Drawings
3D drawings with the width represented as a horizontal line.
Side view of object drawn at 45o from horizontal
For more info, search for “oblique drawing”
45˚
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OBLIQUE GRID
VERY IMPORTANT POINT!!!!!
Perspective
3D drawings of objects where lines converge on one or more points.
Intended to be close to the human eye in observation.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Can be 1, 2, or 3 point.
For more info, search for “perspective drawing”
Physical Models
Mock ups or prototypes. Prototype is a working model to
test a design concept through observation and adjustment
Mock up simulates the look of an object and not functional.
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Mathematical Models
Find a mathematical relationship that behaves same way as objects or processes under investigation
Mathematical modeling simulates how a system might behave.
Express mathematical ideas precisely
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Mathematical Models
Create representations to organize, record, and communicate ideas
Symbolic algebra to represent and explain mathematical relationships
Computers improved power and use of mathematical models by performing long, complicated, or repetitive calculations
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Example ofMathematical Modeling
Designer wants to create hot air balloon designs without creating physical models Algebraic formulas represents
increases or decreases of lift based on inside volume or temperature
Calculations are communicated on spreadsheets or computer based simulations
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Creating aMathematical Model
Determine Output you would like to achieve
for the mathematical model What data/information is
available Research for other mathematical
models already created you can use.
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Creating aMathematical Model
Identify relationships among variables (science concepts, such as Ohm’s Law)
Create equation that relates variables
Check accuracy of model against a similar system or over time
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Properties of 2 & 3Dimensional Objects
Engineers and designers must understand basic properties of 2D & 3D objects 2D objects, must be able to calculate
area 3D objects, must be able to calculate
volume and surface area Properties help determine modifications
related to function and marketability
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Calculating Area
Area is the amount of surface of a 2D object. Formulas are below. Rectangle: A = length x width Triangle: A = base x ½ (height) Circle: A = ∏ x radius 2
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Calculating Volume
Volume is amount of space a 3D object takes up. Formulas below. Rectangle Box: V = length x width x
height Pyramid: V = Area of Base x 1/3
Perpendicular Height Sphere: V = Diameter3 x .5236 Cylinder: V = Diameter2 x Length
x .7854
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
Calculating Surface Area
Surface area, the measure of how much exposed area a 3D object has. Formulas below Rectangle Box: SA = (H x W x 2) (H x D x 2)
(D x W x 2) Pyramid: SA = (Perimeter of Base x ½ Slant
Height) + (area of base) Sphere: SA = Diameter2 x 3.1416 Cylinder: SA= (Diameter x Length of curved
surface x 3.1416) + (area of bottom + area of top)
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
All Models
Important that they function as close to the real world as possible
They must be continually checked and refined during the design process.
More than one of the three types is often used for the same product
© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology
TOP
FRONTRIGHTSIDE
TOP
FRONT RIGHT SIDE
ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION
ISOMETRICOBLIQUEPERSPECTIVEORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONMOCK UPPROTOTYPE
Unit 4 Lesson 4 TEST
UNIT 4 OPEN NOTE TEST ON
TUESDAY MARCH 24. YOU WILL
NEED YOUR WORKSHEETS FROM
LESSONS 1-4 AND YOU WILL
HAVE TO COMPLETE A
DRAWING.