modeling and prototypes presentation 4.4.1 explanation © 2011 international technology and...

Modeling and Prototypes

Presentation 4.4.1Explanation

© 2011 International Technology and Engineering Educators Association, STEMCenter for Teaching and Learning™ Foundations of Technology

The Unit Big Idea

The Engineering Design process is a systematic, iterative problem solving method which produces solutions to meet human wants

and desires.


The Lesson Big Idea

At various intervals of the engineering design process,

conceptual, physical, and mathematical models evaluate

the design solution.


Modeling

As learned in the engagement there are three different ways to represent our world Written & Spoken Mathematical Graphical


Modeling

During design process, check for proper design to note areas of needed improvements Conceptual, physical, and

mathematical models evaluate the design solution

Usefulness of models can be tested by comparing predictions to observations in the real world


Conceptual Models

Conceptual models Allow designs to quickly be checked

and critiqued Design may be refined and improved.

Technical sketching is a design tool used to create conceptual models


Conceptual Models

Several types of technical sketching


Isometric Oblique Perspective Orthographic (note:

already discussed in exploration)

Isometric

3D drawings of objects using true measurements


Front & side drawn at a 30o to horizontal

For more info, search for “isometric drawing”

ISOMETRIC GRID

Oblique Drawings

3D drawings with the width represented as a horizontal line.

Side view of object drawn at 45o from horizontal

For more info, search for “oblique drawing”

45˚


OBLIQUE GRID

VERY IMPORTANT POINT!!!!!

Perspective

3D drawings of objects where lines converge on one or more points.

Intended to be close to the human eye in observation.


Can be 1, 2, or 3 point.

For more info, search for “perspective drawing”

Physical Models

Mock ups or prototypes. Prototype is a working model to

test a design concept through observation and adjustment

Mock up simulates the look of an object and not functional.


Mathematical Models

Find a mathematical relationship that behaves same way as objects or processes under investigation

Mathematical modeling simulates how a system might behave.

Express mathematical ideas precisely


Mathematical Models

Create representations to organize, record, and communicate ideas

Symbolic algebra to represent and explain mathematical relationships

Computers improved power and use of mathematical models by performing long, complicated, or repetitive calculations


Example ofMathematical Modeling

Designer wants to create hot air balloon designs without creating physical models Algebraic formulas represents

increases or decreases of lift based on inside volume or temperature

Calculations are communicated on spreadsheets or computer based simulations


Creating aMathematical Model

Determine Output you would like to achieve

for the mathematical model What data/information is

available Research for other mathematical

models already created you can use.


Creating aMathematical Model

Identify relationships among variables (science concepts, such as Ohm’s Law)

Create equation that relates variables

Check accuracy of model against a similar system or over time


Properties of 2 & 3Dimensional Objects

Engineers and designers must understand basic properties of 2D & 3D objects 2D objects, must be able to calculate

area 3D objects, must be able to calculate

volume and surface area Properties help determine modifications

related to function and marketability


Calculating Area

Area is the amount of surface of a 2D object. Formulas are below. Rectangle: A = length x width Triangle: A = base x ½ (height) Circle: A = ∏ x radius 2


Calculating Volume

Volume is amount of space a 3D object takes up. Formulas below. Rectangle Box: V = length x width x

height Pyramid: V = Area of Base x 1/3

Perpendicular Height Sphere: V = Diameter3 x .5236 Cylinder: V = Diameter2 x Length

x .7854


Calculating Surface Area

Surface area, the measure of how much exposed area a 3D object has. Formulas below Rectangle Box: SA = (H x W x 2) (H x D x 2)

(D x W x 2) Pyramid: SA = (Perimeter of Base x ½ Slant

Height) + (area of base) Sphere: SA = Diameter2 x 3.1416 Cylinder: SA= (Diameter x Length of curved

surface x 3.1416) + (area of bottom + area of top)


All Models

Important that they function as close to the real world as possible

They must be continually checked and refined during the design process.

More than one of the three types is often used for the same product


TOP

FRONTRIGHTSIDE

TOP

FRONT RIGHT SIDE

ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION

ISOMETRICOBLIQUEPERSPECTIVEORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONMOCK UPPROTOTYPE

Unit 4 Lesson 4 TEST

UNIT 4 OPEN NOTE TEST ON

TUESDAY MARCH 24. YOU WILL

NEED YOUR WORKSHEETS FROM

LESSONS 1-4 AND YOU WILL

HAVE TO COMPLETE A

DRAWING.

modeling and prototypes presentation 4.4.1 explanation © 2011 international technology and...

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