Membrane receptor types
Cellmembrane
G protein
ReceptorChannel
Extracellularsignal
molecules
Receptor
Enzyme
Receptor-channel
Receptor-enzyme G protein-coupled receptor
Amplification
Extracellularfluid
Intracellularfluid
Cellmembrane
Receptor-ligand complex activates an
amplifier enzyme (AE).Signal molecule
Receptor
Intracellularsignal molecules
Target proteins
Intracellular pathways
alter
Signalmolecule
Membrane receptor
Signal transduction by proteins
Amplifier enzymes
Second messengermolecules
Protein kinasesIncrease
intracellular Ca2+
Phosphorylatedproteins
Calcium-bindingproteins
Extracellularfluid
Intracellularfluid
Cell response
initiates
binds to
Ionchannel
Signal molecule
Receptor
Intracellularsignal molecules
Target proteins
Response
Central Nervous System
Temporal lobe
Parietal lobe
Occipital lobe
Frontal lobe
ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
Cerebrum
Thalamus
Cerebellum
Fig. 9-9
Central Nervous SystemANATOMY OF THE BRAIN
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Posterior pituitaryAnteriorpituitary
Fig. 9-10
Central Nervous SystemANATOMY OF THE BRAINSTEM
Medullaoblongata
Thalamus
Spinal cord
Midbrain
Pons
Fig. 9-9
Central Nervous SystemANATOMY OF THE SPINAL CORD Cerebral
hemispheres
Cerebellum
Cervical spinalnerves
Thoracic spinalnerves
Lumbar spinalnerves
Sacral spinalnerves
Fig. 9-4
Overall Organization of Nervous System
Fig. 8-1
Types of neurons
Sensory or afferent neuron Interneuron Motor or efferent neuron
Types of neurons
Dendrites
Axon
Dendrites
Dendrites
Axon
Axon
Axon
Schwanncell
Somatic senses
Sensory or afferent neurons Interneurons of CNS Motor or efferent neurons
Neurons forsmell and vision
Axonterminal
Fig. 8-3
Types of glial cells
GLIAL CELLS
form
contains
are found in
Central nervous system
AstrocytesOligodendrocytes Microglia (modifiedimmune cells)
provide help form secrete take up create
Scavengers
K+, water,neurotransmitters
Neurotrophicfactors
Blood-brain
barrierSubstrates for
ATP production
Ependymalcells
Barriersbetween
compartments
Source ofneural
stem cells
act as
contains
form
Peripheral nervous system
Myelin sheaths
Schwann cells
Neurotrophicfactors
Satellitecells
Supportcell bodies
secrete
Fig. 8-5
Glial cells of the CNS
Interneurons
Astrocyte
Microglia
Oligodendrocyte
Capillary
Myelin(cut)
AxonNode
Ependymalcell
Fig. 8-5
Schwann Cells
Cell body
1–1.5 mm
Node of Ranvier
Schwann cell nucleus
Axon
Nucleus
Axon
Myelin
Schwann cell
Fig. 8-6
General structure of neurons
Dendrites
Cellbody
Nucleus
Axon hillock
Axon (initialsegment)Myelinsheath
Synapse
Presynapticaxon terminal
Postsynapticneuron
Synapticcleft
Postsynapticdendrite
Integration
Outputsignal
Inputsignal
Fig. 8-2