Download - Mass Transit System in Japan
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by Mr.Naoki Yamaguchi, Deputy Team Leader
19th March 2011
Introduction of Mass Transit System in Japan
Capacity Building Program 4th Workshop
Karachi Transportation Improvement Project
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ContentsContents1.1. Objective of the 4th WorkshopObjective of the 4th Workshop2.2. Development of Mass Transit System in Development of Mass Transit System in
TokyoTokyo3.3. History for Development of Mass Transit History for Development of Mass Transit
SystemSystem4.4. Characteristics and KnowledgeCharacteristics and Knowledge5.5. Other Issues about Urban Railway NetworkOther Issues about Urban Railway Network6.6. Latest Railway Technologies in JapanLatest Railway Technologies in Japan7.7. Recommendation for Karachi NetworkRecommendation for Karachi Network
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11Objective of the 4th WorkshopObjective of the 4th Workshop
BackgroundBackground1. Public Transportation Network in Tokyo is one of
the most convenient system in the world.2. Establishing Mass Transit Network has required so
many years and huge capital. 3. Mass Transit Network Planning is essential in the
Transportation Master Plan.4. On the other hand, Flexibility of Traffic Capacity is
required in not only construction phase but also operation phase.
To Understand Characteristics of Mass TransitSystem through Experience of Tokyo.
2
To Contribute building scheme of KTIP.
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22-- Comparison Comparison Tokyo & Karachi Tokyo & Karachi
22Development Development of Mass Transitof Mass Transit
SystemSystem In Tokyo In Tokyo
Tokyo Metropolitan Region
Kyoto & Osaka Region
JAPAN
Mass TransitNetwork
N
15 km50 km
KARACHI
15 km
Tokyo Metropolitan RegionArea ; About 13,300 km2Population ; 31.8 million
The 23 Wards of TokyoArea ; 621 km2Population ; 8.8 million
Tokyo Metropolitan Region
Area just about the 23 Wards of Tokyo
Area ; About 3,600 km2Population ; 27.6 million
in 2020KSDP2020
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15 km
10 km
Total 15 Operators
718.3 km in 2009
East Japan Railway Company 123.8 km
Private Line 12 Operators
268.2 km
Tokyo Metropolitan Government 131.2 km
Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd. 195.1 km
22--2 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo 2 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo
The 23 Wards of Tokyo
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22--3 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo 3 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo Bus NetworkBus Network
15 km
10 km
Ueno Station
Tokyo Station
In addition to railway network Bus network has been developed as feeder service.
Bus Network Centering on Ueno Railway Station
Ueno Station
Mass Transit Network in Tokyo is consisted by integration of Railway and Bus Network.
Railway Network Map
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22--4 Influential Area of Station along Each Lines 4 Influential Area of Station along Each Lines
the 23 wards of Tokyo
Influential Area of Station
Within a 1km radius
People can access station by Railway and walk in Most of Tokyo 23 wards.
black colored indicate area out of railway station zone (1.0 km radius)
-Traveling time is accurate. - convenient Transfer from different line due to facilities and fare system.Bus network supportscomplementary service.
(Source ; T.Okamoto, Function of Local Government in Developing Railway)
Radiu
s 10 k
m
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22--5 Type of Mass Transit System 5 Type of Mass Transit System
Legend
Railway
663.9 km92%
Monorail
17.8 km
3%
AGT
24.4 km
3%
Tram
12.2 km 2%
0 5 10 km
Base Map; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (MLIT), Japan
Urban Railway
Tram
Monorail
Automated Guide Transit
Almost Existing Lines are Urban Railway.Monorail exists only one line.Automated Guide Transit exists 2 lines.Tram remained only one line.
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Legend
1067mm
613.4 km
1372mm
24.7 km2 Lines
1435mm
80.2 km3 Lines
0 5 10 km
Base Map; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (MLIT), Japan
22--6 Gauge of Railway 6 Gauge of Railway
1372m
1435mm
1067mm
Existing Railway are almost narrow gauge.3 Lines are standard gauge.Special gauge remains in tram and one subway line .
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Legend Overhead catenary
676.6 km 3rd rail
41.7 km 0 5 10 km
Picture; Bureau of Transportation Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Nippon KoeiBase Map; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (MLIT), Japan
22--7 Power Supply System 7 Power Supply System
Overhead Catenary
3rd rail 2 Lines
Overhead Catenary system is applied for most Existing Mass Transit System.3rd rail is applied for just 2 Lines.
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--1 Stage 1 Stage History for Development of Mass Transit SystemHistory for Development of Mass Transit System
1st Stage: Before World War 2nd Stage: After Tokyo 0limpic Games
3rd Stage: End of High Economic Growth 4th Stage: At Present
~1940 ~1970
~1990 ~2009
Starting point of urban railway development
Result of active construction including postwar rehabilitation
Completion of network backed by high economic growth
Development of Complementary network backed by low growth
Development steps are divided 4 stages
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-- 1st Stage ; Before World War 1st Stage ; Before World War ~1940~1940
Population
6.8 millionRailway Length
319.1 km
Road network and Tramnetwork had been effectivelyarranged in the urban area,especially inside of the loopline.
National railway and most ofprivate railway lines outside ofthe loop line had been openedbefore urbanized.These lines were constructedat grade and elevated.
First underground railwayGinza Line was opened in1927.
1st Stage
Tram Network
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33--3 2nd Stage 3 2nd Stage
After Tokyo Olympic After Tokyo Olympic ~1970~1970
Population
8.8 millionRailway Length
431.2 km
Due to the motorization, most oftram lines were removed.
More 5 Subway lines were opened before Tokyo Olympic.Almost sections inside loopline were constructed underground and outside loopline elevated in suburbs
Private railway companiesconcentrated on developing ofsuburb area and extending lines
First Sinkan-sen from Tokyoto Osaka was opened in 1964Express highways wereconstructed step by step from1962 and are now underconstruction
2nd Stage
Developing Areaby railway company
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33--4 3rd Stage 4 3rd Stage
End of High Economic GrowthEnd of High Economic Growth~1990~1990
3rd Stage
Population
8.2 millionRailway Length
564.6 km
More 3 Subway lines wereopened after Tokyo OlympicAlmost proposed subway lineswere constructed at this stage
JR and private railway companies augmented thetraffic capacity of trunk linebecause of necessity forcatching up the traffic demandin sprawled residential areaPrivate railway companies alsoextended each line toneighboring town in anotherPrefecture
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33--5 4th Stage ;5 4th Stage ; At PresentAt Present~2009~2009
Tokyo Monorail
Yurikamome
Toneri Liner4th Stage
Population
8.7 millionRailway Length
714.7 km
4 Subway lines were openedafter 1990 for resolving ofinconvenience districts forrailwayAlmost all of railway Network arrangement planning inTokyo seems to be achieved.
In addition, Monorail andAutomated Guide TransitAGTwere developed as complementary network.Tokyo Monorail line from CBDto Haneda Airport is one of theconvenient transit systems.
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44 Characteristics and Knowledge Characteristics and Knowledge 44--1 Success and Failure in Experience of Tokyo 1 Success and Failure in Experience of Tokyo
1
Circular railway had played a key role from thebeginning of urbanization.
Tram network had also fulfilled important role as basic Mass transit network before motorization, and lead the way to introducing space after removal of tram.
Private railway companies have assumed a role for both development of housing land and construction ofrailway lines as business.
Private railway line could start from circular railway station and consequently circular line and radial privaterailway lines formed basic mass transit network.
5
Almost railway lines inside circular railway wereconstructed underground as subway.
Success
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1
Inefficient operation still remained due to differentsystem such as gauge, power supply system.In case of same system, it is possible to use depot andworkshop, maintenance facility and machinery incommon.
2
At first private lines were constructed at grade outsideof circular railway considering construction cost, consequently grade separation is still required withexpensive construction cost in urbanized area.
Failure
6
Bus networks has been developed sustainably from construction phase through operation phase.
7
Proper use of transit system is very important matter, specially urban railway and small traffic capacityAGT.
Success
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44--2 Definition and Images of Mass Transit System 2 Definition and Images of Mass Transit System
Light Rai
TransitLRT& Tram
At grade
Concept of Application for Urban TransportationConcept of Application for Urban Transportation
T
r
a
n
s
p
o
r
t
a
t
i
o
n
C
a
p
a
c
i
t
y
Traveling Distance
W
a
l
k
i
n
g
Private CarTaxi
Bus
Bicycle
Automated Guide TransitLight Rail Transit
& Tram
Monorail
Urban Railway
km
Bus Rapid Transit
50 km
MassTransit System
IndividualTransit
Bus & Bus RapidTransitBRT
At grade
Urban Railway
Elevated or underground Structure
Monorail
straddle-monorail suspended-monorail
Elevated Structure
Automated Guide TransitAGT
Elevated Structure
Mass Transit System is classified 5 categories.In this work shop LRT means tram type at grade.
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44--3 Characteristics of Transit System3 Characteristics of Transit SystemRailway Monorail AGT LRT & Tram Bus & BRT
Overall view
CNG Bus
Vehicle SizeWHLm 2.784.0219.5 3.022.9216.5 2.493.349.00
2.403.4018.4articulated truck 2.53.512.2
Train set 4 10 Cars 4 6 Cars 4 6 Cars 2 Cars 1 Car
Passenger capacity
140 car5601,400/train
100car400 600/train
50car200300/train
80car 160/train
100/car
Maximum frequency 30 train/hr 30 train/hr 30 train/hr 30 train/hr 30 cars/hr
Transportation Capacity
25,00063,000 passenger/hr
14,00021,000 passenger/hr
7,00011000 passenger/hr
6,000 passenger/hr
Bus 3,000 BRT 10,000
passenger/hr
Construction cost US$/km
Elevated 190 M$Underground 375 M$
Elevated160 M$
Elevated160 M$
Main Different Points 1Vehicle length2. Passenger Capacity3. Transportation Capacity4Construction Cost
Important Matters that Require Attention 1Flexibility of Transportation Capacity2Traffic Demand changes rapidly3Difficulty of Exchanging Transit System
after construction
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44--4 Transit System and Environment 4 Transit System and Environment
Kcal/Person/km
Car Bus Railway
300
600580
247
100
Energy Consumption of Transportation
g-Co2 /person/km
Co2 Emission in Congestion Urban
50
CarBusRailway AGT
20
40
10
30
LRT
5 79
19
45
In case that commuters will change transit way, Co2 emission will bereduced as follows.
10,000 persons change transit way from private car to railwaycommute distance is 10 kmcommute days are 250 in year
Reduced Co2 emission weight per one way45-51010,000250=1,000 ton
(Source ; Future
transportation, Sankai-
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44--5 Example of Urban Railway5 Example of Urban RailwayElevated RailwayElevated Railway
Platform
Overall view of Station
CommercialSpace
Station length 137.5 m for 6 unit-train platform
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Introduction space
Typical section of station
concourse
Platform level
3035 m
1
5
m
6
m
Platform Platform door
Escalator
StairsOverall view of Station
Outline and CharacteristicsNippori-Toneri Line 9.7 km, 13 StationsAll Elevated Structure 5 unit-trainAutomatic Train OperationATO, Driverless
Station length 50 m
44--6 Example of AGT6 Example of AGTAutomated Guide TransitAutomated Guide Transit1Small transfer capacity2Short station length3Fit to residential area4After urban development
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11 Convenient Transfer facility of railway Convenient Transfer facility of railway Other Issues about Urban Railway Networks Other Issues about Urban Railway Networks
mJR line
Private
Private
Subway
Subway
Subway
Subway
Private
Privat
e
Sinjuku is a largest station in Japan.8 stations exist in 500m radius area centered
as JR Station.4,190,000 passengers per day.Convenient Station for Transfer
between Railway and Ground Traffic
Shinjuku-Station
Parallel Station
Cross Station
Parallel Station
B LineA Line
B Line
A Line
B Line
B Line
A LineB Line
A Line
Convenient TransferFacility of Underground Station
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22 Through operation service Through operation service
249
426
922
535
0100200300400500600700800900
1000
1970 1980 1990 2008Year
T
o
t
a
l
L
e
n
g
t
h
(
k
m
)
Total length of thorough operation service
Conditions of thorough operation Service
EffectivenessPassengers travelingtime is shortened due tounnecessary transfer of train from suburbs to CBD
Railway operators canutilize the same lines, rolling stock and railwayfacilities like storage tracks.
Same gaugeSame current collectionSame length of train-setSame signaling system
Maximum Route length of thorough operation service
A company 51.4 km B company 16.8 kmC company 31.5 km
Total 99.7 km
Number of route9 Routes
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http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/sisaku/fumikiri/fu_02.html 2011/
Bottleneck crossingAbout 340 pointsin Tokyo
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Countermeasure for Bottleneck CrossingCountermeasure for Bottleneck CrossingLevel railway crossings; about 34,000 points in Japan.Crossing accident; 350 cases and 130 fatal in every year.Bottleneck crossing; close time exceeds 40 minutes in hour.
about 1,100 points in Japan
Before
After
Crossingaccident
Traffic jam
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Latest Railway Technologies in JapanLatest Railway Technologies in Japan
Special Tunnel Boring Machines
New Signaling System
Integrated Fare System
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Horizontal Multi-face shield
Vertical Multi-face Shield
Existing structure
Special TBMs are required in order toMinimize the excavation volume,Highly utilize the limited underground space, andReduce the construction cost
-- Special Tunnel Boring MachinesSpecial Tunnel Boring Machines Requirements of the times for TBMRequirements of the times for TBM
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Variety of Special Variety of Special TBMsTBMs
Multi faced shield
Horizontal & Vertical Shield
Rectangular Shield at narrow space
Variety of Special Variety of Special TBMsTBMs
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--22 New Signaling SystemNew Signaling System
(Source ; NIPPON SIGNAL Co., Ltd.)
0.80.590.49
0.40.25
0.20.16
0.02
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8Austria
Belgium
Spain
ItalyJapan
Fatal Accident per 1 billion person*km
1. To avoid serious accident
2. To secure the line capacity
Purpose Interlocking SystemBlock SystemTrain Detection SystemAutomatic Train Protection
Necessary System
Automatic TrainSupervision System
Japanese Signaling System is most reliable for safety
Purpose of Signaling SystemPurpose of Signaling System
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ATACS is based on the CBTC technology
) Advanced Train Administration and Communication ) Advanced Train Administration and Communication System (ATACS)System (ATACS)
Remarkable FeaturesAccuracy of train detection; 0.1mTrain control
Interval control by
single stage block control
Train Control by ATACS
Speed check profile
Speed profile
Stopping limit position
Radio base
On-board signal
CBTC ; Communication-based Train Control SignalingOn-board basis train control under the moving block conceptAny equipment for train detection on the ground is not required
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Railway Company X
Station ARailway Company X
Station BRailway Company Y
Company X Server
Company Y Server
Central JV Server
Money Deposit
Revenue
Adj. info
DEPOSITCHARGER
CASH
Deposit
Kind of DATACard numberDate 14:00-19-03-2011OriginStation ADestinationStation B
-- Integrated Fare SystemIntegrated Fare System
Railway Company Y
ENTRY- Deduct minimum entry fee from smart card- Record entry station
EXIT-Deduct remaining fee from smart card- Record exit station
Smart CardPrepaid Card
Automatic Ticket GateIntegrated reader
system across allrailway companies
TransitActivity
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Recommendation for Karachi NetworkRecommendation for Karachi Network
Mass Transit System should be selected, consideringnecessary and sufficient Traffic Capacity.
2
Bus network is a significant factor for Mass transit network.
3
In transportation master plan, Following are important matters to be considered.
Flexibility of Traffic Capacity Traffic Demand rising rapidly up to target year Difficulty of exchanging transit system after
operation.4
Urban Railway would be recommended as the First Mass Transit System in a future Karachi city.
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Thank You
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