by Mr.Naoki Yamaguchi, Deputy Team Leader

19th March 2011

Introduction of Mass Transit System in Japan

Capacity Building Program 4th Workshop

Karachi Transportation Improvement Project

ContentsContents1.1. Objective of the 4th WorkshopObjective of the 4th Workshop2.2. Development of Mass Transit System in Development of Mass Transit System in

TokyoTokyo3.3. History for Development of Mass Transit History for Development of Mass Transit

SystemSystem4.4. Characteristics and KnowledgeCharacteristics and Knowledge5.5. Other Issues about Urban Railway NetworkOther Issues about Urban Railway Network6.6. Latest Railway Technologies in JapanLatest Railway Technologies in Japan7.7. Recommendation for Karachi NetworkRecommendation for Karachi Network

11Objective of the 4th WorkshopObjective of the 4th Workshop

BackgroundBackground1. Public Transportation Network in Tokyo is one of

the most convenient system in the world.2. Establishing Mass Transit Network has required so

many years and huge capital. 3. Mass Transit Network Planning is essential in the

Transportation Master Plan.4. On the other hand, Flexibility of Traffic Capacity is

required in not only construction phase but also operation phase.

To Understand Characteristics of Mass TransitSystem through Experience of Tokyo.

2

To Contribute building scheme of KTIP.

22-- Comparison Comparison Tokyo & Karachi Tokyo & Karachi

22Development Development of Mass Transitof Mass Transit

SystemSystem In Tokyo In Tokyo

Tokyo Metropolitan Region

Kyoto & Osaka Region

JAPAN

Mass TransitNetwork

N

15 km50 km

KARACHI

15 km

Tokyo Metropolitan RegionArea ; About 13,300 km2Population ; 31.8 million

The 23 Wards of TokyoArea ; 621 km2Population ; 8.8 million

Tokyo Metropolitan Region

Area just about the 23 Wards of Tokyo

Area ; About 3,600 km2Population ; 27.6 million

in 2020KSDP2020

15 km

10 km

Total 15 Operators

718.3 km in 2009

East Japan Railway Company 123.8 km

Private Line 12 Operators

268.2 km

Tokyo Metropolitan Government 131.2 km

Tokyo Metro Co., Ltd. 195.1 km

22--2 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo 2 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo

The 23 Wards of Tokyo

22--3 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo 3 Mass Transit Network in Tokyo Bus NetworkBus Network

15 km

10 km

Ueno Station

Tokyo Station

In addition to railway network Bus network has been developed as feeder service.

Bus Network Centering on Ueno Railway Station

Ueno Station

Mass Transit Network in Tokyo is consisted by integration of Railway and Bus Network.

Railway Network Map

22--4 Influential Area of Station along Each Lines 4 Influential Area of Station along Each Lines

the 23 wards of Tokyo

Influential Area of Station

Within a 1km radius

People can access station by Railway and walk in Most of Tokyo 23 wards.

black colored indicate area out of railway station zone (1.0 km radius)

-Traveling time is accurate. - convenient Transfer from different line due to facilities and fare system.Bus network supportscomplementary service.

(Source ; T.Okamoto, Function of Local Government in Developing Railway)

Radiu

s 10 k

m

22--5 Type of Mass Transit System 5 Type of Mass Transit System

Legend

Railway

663.9 km92%

Monorail

17.8 km

3%

AGT

24.4 km

3%

Tram

12.2 km 2%

0 5 10 km

Base Map; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (MLIT), Japan

Urban Railway

Tram

Monorail

Automated Guide Transit

Almost Existing Lines are Urban Railway.Monorail exists only one line.Automated Guide Transit exists 2 lines.Tram remained only one line.

Legend

1067mm

613.4 km

1372mm

24.7 km2 Lines

1435mm

80.2 km3 Lines

0 5 10 km

Base Map; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (MLIT), Japan

22--6 Gauge of Railway 6 Gauge of Railway

1372m

1435mm

1067mm

Existing Railway are almost narrow gauge.3 Lines are standard gauge.Special gauge remains in tram and one subway line .

Legend Overhead catenary

676.6 km 3rd rail

41.7 km 0 5 10 km

Picture; Bureau of Transportation Tokyo Metropolitan Government, Nippon KoeiBase Map; Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transportation (MLIT), Japan

22--7 Power Supply System 7 Power Supply System

Overhead Catenary

3rd rail 2 Lines

Overhead Catenary system is applied for most Existing Mass Transit System.3rd rail is applied for just 2 Lines.

--1 Stage 1 Stage History for Development of Mass Transit SystemHistory for Development of Mass Transit System

1st Stage: Before World War 2nd Stage: After Tokyo 0limpic Games

3rd Stage: End of High Economic Growth 4th Stage: At Present

~1940 ~1970

~1990 ~2009

Starting point of urban railway development

Result of active construction including postwar rehabilitation

Completion of network backed by high economic growth

Development of Complementary network backed by low growth

Development steps are divided 4 stages

-- 1st Stage ; Before World War 1st Stage ; Before World War ~1940~1940

Population

6.8 millionRailway Length

319.1 km

Road network and Tramnetwork had been effectivelyarranged in the urban area,especially inside of the loopline.

National railway and most ofprivate railway lines outside ofthe loop line had been openedbefore urbanized.These lines were constructedat grade and elevated.

First underground railwayGinza Line was opened in1927.

1st Stage

Tram Network

33--3 2nd Stage 3 2nd Stage

After Tokyo Olympic After Tokyo Olympic ~1970~1970

Population

8.8 millionRailway Length

431.2 km

Due to the motorization, most oftram lines were removed.

More 5 Subway lines were opened before Tokyo Olympic.Almost sections inside loopline were constructed underground and outside loopline elevated in suburbs

Private railway companiesconcentrated on developing ofsuburb area and extending lines

First Sinkan-sen from Tokyoto Osaka was opened in 1964Express highways wereconstructed step by step from1962 and are now underconstruction

2nd Stage

Developing Areaby railway company

33--4 3rd Stage 4 3rd Stage

End of High Economic GrowthEnd of High Economic Growth~1990~1990

3rd Stage

Population

8.2 millionRailway Length

564.6 km

More 3 Subway lines wereopened after Tokyo OlympicAlmost proposed subway lineswere constructed at this stage

JR and private railway companies augmented thetraffic capacity of trunk linebecause of necessity forcatching up the traffic demandin sprawled residential areaPrivate railway companies alsoextended each line toneighboring town in anotherPrefecture

33--5 4th Stage ;5 4th Stage ; At PresentAt Present~2009~2009

Tokyo Monorail

Yurikamome

Toneri Liner4th Stage

Population

8.7 millionRailway Length

714.7 km

4 Subway lines were openedafter 1990 for resolving ofinconvenience districts forrailwayAlmost all of railway Network arrangement planning inTokyo seems to be achieved.

In addition, Monorail andAutomated Guide TransitAGTwere developed as complementary network.Tokyo Monorail line from CBDto Haneda Airport is one of theconvenient transit systems.

44 Characteristics and Knowledge Characteristics and Knowledge 44--1 Success and Failure in Experience of Tokyo 1 Success and Failure in Experience of Tokyo

1

Circular railway had played a key role from thebeginning of urbanization.

Tram network had also fulfilled important role as basic Mass transit network before motorization, and lead the way to introducing space after removal of tram.

Private railway companies have assumed a role for both development of housing land and construction ofrailway lines as business.

Private railway line could start from circular railway station and consequently circular line and radial privaterailway lines formed basic mass transit network.

5

Almost railway lines inside circular railway wereconstructed underground as subway.

Success

1

Inefficient operation still remained due to differentsystem such as gauge, power supply system.In case of same system, it is possible to use depot andworkshop, maintenance facility and machinery incommon.

2

At first private lines were constructed at grade outsideof circular railway considering construction cost, consequently grade separation is still required withexpensive construction cost in urbanized area.

Failure

6

Bus networks has been developed sustainably from construction phase through operation phase.

7

Proper use of transit system is very important matter, specially urban railway and small traffic capacityAGT.

Success

44--2 Definition and Images of Mass Transit System 2 Definition and Images of Mass Transit System

Light Rai

TransitLRT& Tram

At grade

Concept of Application for Urban TransportationConcept of Application for Urban Transportation

T

r

a

n

s

p

o

r

t

a

t

i

o

n

C

a

p

a

c

i

t

y

Traveling Distance

W

a

l

k

i

n

g

Private CarTaxi

Bus

Bicycle

Automated Guide TransitLight Rail Transit

& Tram

Monorail

Urban Railway

km

Bus Rapid Transit

50 km

MassTransit System

IndividualTransit

Bus & Bus RapidTransitBRT

At grade

Urban Railway

Elevated or underground Structure

Monorail

straddle-monorail suspended-monorail

Elevated Structure

Automated Guide TransitAGT

Elevated Structure

Mass Transit System is classified 5 categories.In this work shop LRT means tram type at grade.

44--3 Characteristics of Transit System3 Characteristics of Transit SystemRailway Monorail AGT LRT & Tram Bus & BRT

Overall view

CNG Bus

Vehicle SizeWHLm 2.784.0219.5 3.022.9216.5 2.493.349.00

2.403.4018.4articulated truck 2.53.512.2

Train set 4 10 Cars 4 6 Cars 4 6 Cars 2 Cars 1 Car

Passenger capacity

140 car5601,400/train

100car400 600/train

50car200300/train

80car 160/train

100/car

Maximum frequency 30 train/hr 30 train/hr 30 train/hr 30 train/hr 30 cars/hr

Transportation Capacity

25,00063,000 passenger/hr

14,00021,000 passenger/hr

7,00011000 passenger/hr

6,000 passenger/hr

Bus 3,000 BRT 10,000

passenger/hr

Construction cost US$/km

Elevated 190 M$Underground 375 M$

Elevated160 M$

Elevated160 M$

Main Different Points 1Vehicle length2. Passenger Capacity3. Transportation Capacity4Construction Cost

Important Matters that Require Attention 1Flexibility of Transportation Capacity2Traffic Demand changes rapidly3Difficulty of Exchanging Transit System

after construction

44--4 Transit System and Environment 4 Transit System and Environment

Kcal/Person/km

Car Bus Railway

300

600580

247

100

Energy Consumption of Transportation

g-Co2 /person/km

Co2 Emission in Congestion Urban

50

CarBusRailway AGT

20

40

10

30

LRT

5 79

19

45

In case that commuters will change transit way, Co2 emission will bereduced as follows.

10,000 persons change transit way from private car to railwaycommute distance is 10 kmcommute days are 250 in year

Reduced Co2 emission weight per one way45-51010,000250=1,000 ton

(Source ; Future

transportation, Sankai-

44--5 Example of Urban Railway5 Example of Urban RailwayElevated RailwayElevated Railway

Platform

Overall view of Station

CommercialSpace

Station length 137.5 m for 6 unit-train platform

Introduction space

Typical section of station

concourse

Platform level

3035 m

1

5

m

6

m

Platform Platform door

Escalator

StairsOverall view of Station

Outline and CharacteristicsNippori-Toneri Line 9.7 km, 13 StationsAll Elevated Structure 5 unit-trainAutomatic Train OperationATO, Driverless

Station length 50 m

44--6 Example of AGT6 Example of AGTAutomated Guide TransitAutomated Guide Transit1Small transfer capacity2Short station length3Fit to residential area4After urban development

11 Convenient Transfer facility of railway Convenient Transfer facility of railway Other Issues about Urban Railway Networks Other Issues about Urban Railway Networks

mJR line

Private

Private

Subway

Subway

Subway

Subway

Private

Privat

e

Sinjuku is a largest station in Japan.8 stations exist in 500m radius area centered

as JR Station.4,190,000 passengers per day.Convenient Station for Transfer

between Railway and Ground Traffic

Shinjuku-Station

Parallel Station

Cross Station

Parallel Station

B LineA Line

B Line

A Line

B Line

B Line

A LineB Line

A Line

Convenient TransferFacility of Underground Station

22 Through operation service Through operation service

249

426

922

535

0100200300400500600700800900

1000

1970 1980 1990 2008Year

T

o

t

a

l

L

e

n

g

t

h

(

k

m

)

Total length of thorough operation service

Conditions of thorough operation Service

EffectivenessPassengers travelingtime is shortened due tounnecessary transfer of train from suburbs to CBD

Railway operators canutilize the same lines, rolling stock and railwayfacilities like storage tracks.

Same gaugeSame current collectionSame length of train-setSame signaling system

Maximum Route length of thorough operation service

A company 51.4 km B company 16.8 kmC company 31.5 km

Total 99.7 km

Number of route9 Routes

http://www.mlit.go.jp/road/sisaku/fumikiri/fu_02.html 2011/

Bottleneck crossingAbout 340 pointsin Tokyo

33

Countermeasure for Bottleneck CrossingCountermeasure for Bottleneck CrossingLevel railway crossings; about 34,000 points in Japan.Crossing accident; 350 cases and 130 fatal in every year.Bottleneck crossing; close time exceeds 40 minutes in hour.

about 1,100 points in Japan

Before

After

Crossingaccident

Traffic jam

Latest Railway Technologies in JapanLatest Railway Technologies in Japan

Special Tunnel Boring Machines

New Signaling System

Integrated Fare System

Horizontal Multi-face shield

Vertical Multi-face Shield

Existing structure

Special TBMs are required in order toMinimize the excavation volume,Highly utilize the limited underground space, andReduce the construction cost

-- Special Tunnel Boring MachinesSpecial Tunnel Boring Machines Requirements of the times for TBMRequirements of the times for TBM

Variety of Special Variety of Special TBMsTBMs

Multi faced shield

Horizontal & Vertical Shield

Rectangular Shield at narrow space

Variety of Special Variety of Special TBMsTBMs

--22 New Signaling SystemNew Signaling System

(Source ; NIPPON SIGNAL Co., Ltd.)

0.80.590.49

0.40.25

0.20.16

0.02

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8Austria

Belgium

Spain

ItalyJapan

Fatal Accident per 1 billion person*km

1. To avoid serious accident

2. To secure the line capacity

Purpose Interlocking SystemBlock SystemTrain Detection SystemAutomatic Train Protection

Necessary System

Automatic TrainSupervision System

Japanese Signaling System is most reliable for safety

Purpose of Signaling SystemPurpose of Signaling System

ATACS is based on the CBTC technology

) Advanced Train Administration and Communication ) Advanced Train Administration and Communication System (ATACS)System (ATACS)

Remarkable FeaturesAccuracy of train detection; 0.1mTrain control

Interval control by

single stage block control

Train Control by ATACS

Speed check profile

Speed profile

Stopping limit position

Radio base

On-board signal

CBTC ; Communication-based Train Control SignalingOn-board basis train control under the moving block conceptAny equipment for train detection on the ground is not required

Railway Company X

Station ARailway Company X

Station BRailway Company Y

Company X Server

Company Y Server

Central JV Server

Money Deposit

Revenue

Adj. info

DEPOSITCHARGER

CASH

Deposit

Kind of DATACard numberDate 14:00-19-03-2011OriginStation ADestinationStation B

-- Integrated Fare SystemIntegrated Fare System

Railway Company Y

ENTRY- Deduct minimum entry fee from smart card- Record entry station

EXIT-Deduct remaining fee from smart card- Record exit station

Smart CardPrepaid Card

Automatic Ticket GateIntegrated reader

system across allrailway companies

TransitActivity

Recommendation for Karachi NetworkRecommendation for Karachi Network

Mass Transit System should be selected, consideringnecessary and sufficient Traffic Capacity.

2

Bus network is a significant factor for Mass transit network.

3

In transportation master plan, Following are important matters to be considered.

Flexibility of Traffic Capacity Traffic Demand rising rapidly up to target year Difficulty of exchanging transit system after

operation.4

Urban Railway would be recommended as the First Mass Transit System in a future Karachi city.

Thank You

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