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Marine Ecosystems Review
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Ecology
Ecology is the science that studies how living organisms relate to each other and their environment
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BIOTIC LIVING organisms
•Animals•Plants•Fungi•Bacteria•Protists
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ABIOTIC NONLIVING aspects of the environment
• Temperature• pH• Currents• Minerals • Sunlight• Rocks• Water
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HABITAT
• Where the organism lives • Area and physical conditions
where an organism lives• It’s “ Address”
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OCEAN ZONES
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SALT MARSH – Coastal EcosystemHigh Productivity
Located in Estuaries
Wet and dry, long grasses, thick mud, nutrients in sediment
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SALT MARSH – ABIOTIC FACTORS
Flooding
Shallow water Sunlight
Mud and Sediment
Tides
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SALT MARSH – BIOTIC FACTORS
SALT GRASSES
Halophytes – Salt water plants….have adaptations allowing them to live in salt water
ALGAE
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• Rich in organic material
• tree roots covered in water
• nursery to many growing organisms
MANGROVE – Coastal EcosystemSimilar to Salt Marshes….bigger, tougher (trees)….found in tropical areas
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MANGROVE – Abiotic Factors
Mud
Shallow Waters- sunlight
Warm temperatures
Many nutrients
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MANGROVE TREES – Adaptations for life in salt water and mud with low oxygen
Red Mangrove Has stilt like Roots
Black Mangrove – roots below water. “snorkel like root structures called Pneumatophores”
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MANGROVE – BIOTIC FACTORS
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Why Mangrove Ecosystem Important?
Mangrove Trees Large Entangled Roots….
1. Provide habitats for juvenile fish and invertebrates
2. Hold soil well, protects shoreline from erosion from currents, waves, and storms
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Coral Reef – Coastal EcosystemsContintental Shelf
Vast assortment of life, stony formation built from seafloor up, sunny, warm waters, colorful
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Coral Reef – Abiotic Factors Sunlight
Shallow water – moderate movement to prevent sediment from accomulating on polyps
Warm
Rocks
Shells
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Coral Reef – Biotic Factors
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Kelp Forest – Coastal EcosystemsContintental Shelf
Sunny, Cool waters, appears like a dense forest with kelp growing from the seafloor to ocean surface
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Kelp Forest – Abiotic Factors
Rocky Coastlines
Sunlight Clear Water
Cool Temperatures
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Kelp Forest – Biotic Factors
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Open Ocean – Polar Artic
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Arctic – Abiotic Factors Cold, Icy Water – often dominated by ice
Ice and snow – reduces sunlight in water
Much sunlight in summer, Little sunlight in winter
Ocean surrounded by land - bordered by shallow continental shelves of NA, Greenland, Russia, Eurasia
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Polar Seas – Arctic
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Polar Seas – Antarctic
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Antarctic – Abiotic Factors Cold Water – often dominated by ice
Ice and snow – In winter…water at edges freeze adding an area the size of North America to the continent
More Extreme Climate than Arctic
Antarctica is a continent….not a frozen sea…it has its own continental shelf
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Polar Seas – Antarctic Biotic Factors
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Deep Sea Floor – Abiotic Factors Darkness
Cold
Deep water
High Pressure
No Photosynthesis occurs here Fewer communities here
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Deep Sea Floor – Benthic
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Marine Snow - is a continuous shower of mostly organic detritus (dead organisms & fecal matter) falling from the upper layers
of the water.
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Whale Fall
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Open Ocean – Abiotic Factors
Wide open spaces
Available Sunlight
Temperatures vary
No land nearby