Download - Liz Alden Wily NRM Political Economist
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Measuring Policy Commitment to Community Management of
Protected AreasLooking at East African Forests
Liz Alden WilyNRM Political Economist
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The Background
Forests a critical landscape for more than trees
Global wave of change in how forests protected and managed
Africa: 40+ of 56 states have new guiding forest policies &/or laws
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Laws as Source for Assessment
Precise Binding Refine new policy development
But –No indicator of implementation
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Supporting current legal change since 1990
Constitutions (c.20)
Land rights (c. 25)
Local government (c. 14)
Environmental management (c. 10)
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The East African Case …
Large forest/woodland area (47 million ha)
Diverse forest types: mainly multi-functional woodland (50-96%)
Longstanding government protection strategies (15-48% as Reserves)
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New National Forest Policies
Ethiopia - Tanzania - Kenya - Uganda -
1994 + draft 1998 2000 2001
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New Forest Laws
Ethiopia
Tanzania
Uganda
Kenya
1994 + revisions
2002
2003
Bill 2003
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CBFM &/Or PFM underway
Estimated Number of Communities Involved?
==========TZ. 2,000UG. 30+KE: 20+ETH: 200+
Estimated Number of Forests Involved?
============
TZ: 1,500+UG: c.10KE: c.10ETH: c.20
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All four states claim they support community based forest management -
But do they?
Looking at the laws …
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Indicator #1: Does law assure subsistence use of Govt. FR?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
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Indicator #2: Does the law commit to benefit sharing of Govt. FR products/benefits?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
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Indicator #3: Are natural trees on farm now the private property of farmer?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
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Indicator #4: Is community participation promoted in the law?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: YES
ETHIOPIA: YES
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Indicator #5: Does law require that communities help write forest management plans?
UGANDA: CONSULTED ONLY
TANZANIA: OBLIGATORY & views to be accounted for
KENYA: CONSULTED ONLY
ETHIOPIA: NO
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Indicator #6: If community asks, must Govt. permit community management/co-management?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
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Indicator #7:Are all protected area classes open to community management?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
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Indicator #8:May a community manage a national Forest Reserve?
UGANDA: Co-manager only
TANZANIA: YES: autonomously or as co-manager
KENYA: YES, by contract
ETHIOPIA: Co-manager only
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Indicator #9: May communities create, own & manage their own protected forest areas?
UGANDA: YES
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NOT PROVIDED FOR
ETHIOPIA: NOT PROVIDED FOR
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Indicator #10: Do community managers have the power to control who uses the Community Forest?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NOT PROVIDED
ETHIOPIA: NO
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Indicator #11:Do community managers have right to issue licences & collect fees?
UGANDA: ONLY CF
TANZANIA: YES, using own bylaws
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
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Indicator #12: Does the law enable a Government PA to be reclassified as a Community Forest?
UGANDA: NO
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
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Indicator #13: Are all community members to be considered in management arrangements?
UGANDA: USER GROUPS only
TANZANIA: YES, legally obliged
KENYA: USER GROUPS only
ETHIOPIA: UNCLEAR
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Indicator #14: Have limitations been placed upon the state taking more customary lands for Forest Reserves?
UGANDA: only under Land Act
TANZANIA: YES
KENYA: NO
ETHIOPIA: NO
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Indicator #15: Are institutions for CBFM easily put in place?
UGANDA: NO (must form new legal
TANZANIA: YES (existing Village Councils)
KENYA: NO (must form legal body)
ETHIOPIA: YES (potentially)
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