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Kingdom ProtistaKingdom Protista
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KEY CONCEPTSKEY CONCEPTS
• Protists are a diverse group of Protists are a diverse group of eukaryotic organisms, most of which eukaryotic organisms, most of which are microscopicare microscopic
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ProtistaProtista
• Not a really valid “Kingdom” Not a really valid “Kingdom” • Few real evolutionary Few real evolutionary
relationshipsrelationships
• ContainsContains• AlgaeAlgae: “plant-like” protists: “plant-like” protists
• ProtozoaProtozoa: “animal-like” protists: “animal-like” protists
• Slime & Water moldsSlime & Water molds: fungal-: fungal-like protistslike protists
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What Are Protists?What Are Protists?
• ““Dumping ground” Dumping ground” kingdomkingdom
• EukaryoticEukaryotic• Heterotrophic Heterotrophic
and/orand/or autotrophic autotrophic• Single Single oror
multicellularmulticellular• Ancestors to Ancestors to
animals, plants, animals, plants, fungifungi
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Animal-like ProtistsAnimal-like Protists
• Called Protozoans• Unicellular• Require water
(live in water or moist soil)
• Most heterotrophic
• Some photosynthetic
• Most are free-living
• Some parasitic
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All Life Functions in Just One All Life Functions in Just One CellCell
• Have food and Have food and waste waste VACUOLESVACUOLES for for storing and storing and digesting food & digesting food & wasteswastes
• Many are capable of Many are capable of MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
• RESPOND RESPOND to to environment – some environment – some have light sensitive have light sensitive eyespoteyespot
Amoeba
Paramecium
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All Life Functions in Just One All Life Functions in Just One CellCell
• MaintainMaintain HOMEOSTASISHOMEOSTASIS
• Contractile Contractile VacuolesVacuoles pump out pump out excess waterexcess water
• Form Form Protective Protective Cysts Cysts when food or when food or water is scarce water is scarce (dormant stage (dormant stage with hard covering)with hard covering)
Contractile Contractile Vacuole Vacuole PumpingPumping
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Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists
Red Algae
Golden Algae
• Photosynthetic• No true roots, stems, leaves
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Plant-like ProtistsPlant-like Protists
Green Algae
Red AlgaeBrown Algae
Golden Algae
• Photosynthetic• No true roots, stems, leaves
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Fungi-like ProtistsFungi-like Protists
• Heterotrophic• Decomposers• No cell walls Slime Molds
Water Molds
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ReproductionReproduction
• Reproduction Reproduction • Asexual: Asexual: fissionfission
• Sexual: produce Sexual: produce gametesgametes (specialized (specialized sex cells)sex cells)
• Advantage: new combinations of genesAdvantage: new combinations of genes from both parents (Red Queen Hypothesis)from both parents (Red Queen Hypothesis)
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ReproductionReproduction
• All reproduce All reproduce ASEXUALLYASEXUALLY
• Binary Fission Binary Fission - - divides into 2 divides into 2 identical identical individuals individuals (clones)(clones)
• RapidRapid reproductive reproductive raterate
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Some Reproduce SEXUALLYSome Reproduce SEXUALLY
ConjugationConjugation - - Opposite mating strains Opposite mating strains pair and exchange genetic material pair and exchange genetic material (DNA)(DNA)
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Protist Protist CharacteristicsCharacteristics
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General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics
• EukaryoticEukaryotic• Unicellular Unicellular • Some may live in coloniesSome may live in colonies• May be Autotrophic or May be Autotrophic or
Heterotrophic or BothHeterotrophic or Both• Some are motileSome are motile• Appeared about 1.5 BYAAppeared about 1.5 BYA
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Classified into Three Main Classified into Three Main GroupsGroups
• Animal-likeAnimal-like… heterotrophs … heterotrophs capable of locomotioncapable of locomotion
• Plant-likePlant-like… photosynthetic … photosynthetic autotrophsautotrophs
• Fungus-likeFungus-like… decomposers … decomposers that reproduce by sporesthat reproduce by spores
• Some protists Some protists may exhibit may exhibit both animal-like & plant-like both animal-like & plant-like characteristicscharacteristics
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Sizes of ProtistsSizes of Protists
• UnicellularUnicellular organisms organisms• microscopicmicroscopic
• ColoniesColonies• loosely connected groups of cells loosely connected groups of cells
• CoenocytesCoenocytes• multinucleate masses of cytoplasm multinucleate masses of cytoplasm
• MulticellularMulticellular organisms organisms• composed of many cellscomposed of many cells• can get very large – some brown algae can get very large – some brown algae
(the giant kelps) can be 100 feet in length(the giant kelps) can be 100 feet in length
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LocomotionLocomotion
• Protozoa used to be classified according to Protozoa used to be classified according to how they move.how they move.• Ciliates use fine “hairs” called Ciliates use fine “hairs” called ciliacilia
• Flagellates use longer, whip-like hairs called Flagellates use longer, whip-like hairs called flagellaflagella
• Amoebas and their relatives use Amoebas and their relatives use pseudopodiapseudopodia• Pseudopodia are also used to capture foodPseudopodia are also used to capture food
• Sporozoans (apicomplexans) don’t have any Sporozoans (apicomplexans) don’t have any ability to move (ability to move (non-motilenon-motile))
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ImportanceImportance
• Importance of ProtistsImportance of Protists• HeterotrophicHeterotrophic protists = protists = protozoaprotozoa
• Consume bacteriaConsume bacteria and other protists and other protists• Components of aquatic and soil Components of aquatic and soil food food
webswebs• help with help with recycling nutrientsrecycling nutrients
• Some cause Some cause diseasedisease• MalariaMalaria• DysenteryDysentery• Sleeping sicknessSleeping sickness• othersothers
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InteractionsInteractions
• Protists are free-living or Protists are free-living or symbioticsymbiotic
• Symbiotic relationships range from Symbiotic relationships range from mutualismmutualism to to parasitismparasitism
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Classification of Selected Classification of Selected Medically Important ProtozoaMedically Important Protozoa
• Four groupsFour groups• Mastigophora - flagellatesMastigophora - flagellates• Sarcodina - amoebaeSarcodina - amoebae• Ciliophora - ciliatesCiliophora - ciliates• Apicomplexa – aka SporozoansApicomplexa – aka Sporozoans
• Based on:Based on:• Method of motilityMethod of motility• Mode of reproductionMode of reproduction• Stages in the lifecycleStages in the lifecycle
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Animal-like Animal-like ProtistsProtists
classified by classified by method of method of movementmovement
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Phylum Rhizopoda Phylum Rhizopoda (formerly Sarcodina) : ex. (formerly Sarcodina) : ex.
AmoebaAmoeba
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The The AmoebaAmoeba uses usespseudopodiapseudopodia for for
locomotion.locomotion.
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The The AmoebaAmoeba in 3D – in 3D – notice the pseudopodsnotice the pseudopods
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AmoebaAmoeba surround and engulf surround and engulf their food… the process is their food… the process is
called called phagocytosisphagocytosis..
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An An AmoebaAmoeba eating a eating a ParameciumParamecium..
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CiliophoraCiliophora
• all use cilia for movementall use cilia for movement• have many specialized have many specialized
structures, including mouths, structures, including mouths, anal pores, contractile vacuoles, anal pores, contractile vacuoles, and two nuclei (a large and two nuclei (a large macronucleus and small macronucleus and small micronuclei)micronuclei)
• Ex. – Ex. – ParameciumParamecium and and StentorStentor
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Phylum Ciliophora: ex. Phylum Ciliophora: ex. ParameciumParamecium
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3D view – taken by a 3D view – taken by a scanningscanning
electron microscopeelectron microscope
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A closer look at the A closer look at the Cilia…. Cilia….
its means of locomotionits means of locomotion
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another Ciliate: another Ciliate: StentorStentor
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Phylum Phylum ZoomastigophoraZoomastigophora
• have flagellahave flagella• some species of some species of
zooflagellates zooflagellates have mutualistic have mutualistic relationshipsrelationships
• ex.- ex.- Trichonympha Trichonympha digests cellulose digests cellulose in the guts of in the guts of termitestermites
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Others are parasites, like Others are parasites, like TrypanosomaTrypanosoma, which causes, which causesAfrican Sleeping Sickness African Sleeping Sickness
(coma).(coma).
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TrypanosomaTrypanosoma
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TrypanosomaTrypanosoma
Tsetse Fly: carries Trypanosoma to humans; in other words, it’s a Vector
White Blood Cell
Red Blood Cells
Trypanosoma
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Phylum SporozoaPhylum Sporozoa• are parasitesare parasites• have no means of locomotionhave no means of locomotion• form spores that are form spores that are
dispersed by one or more dispersed by one or more hosts hosts
• ex. ex. PlasmodiumPlasmodium, which , which causes malariacauses malaria
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Portions of the Life Cycle of Portions of the Life Cycle of Plasmodium vivaxPlasmodium vivax
It’s Vector:
Anopheles
Mosquito
Plasmodium vivax
Red Blood Cells
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Pathogenic Flagellates: Pathogenic Flagellates: TrypanosomesTrypanosomes
• Giardia lambliaGiardia lamblia• Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas vaginalis• Genus Genus TrypanosomaTrypanosoma
• T. bruceiT. brucei causes sleeping sickness causes sleeping sickness• T. cruziT. cruzi causes Chagas disease causes Chagas disease
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GiardiaGiardia
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GiardiasisGiardiasis• Fecal-oral route of infectionFecal-oral route of infection
• recreational water, water, fomites, contaminated recreational water, water, fomites, contaminated uncooked fooduncooked food
• Symptoms normally begin 1 to 2 weeks (average 7 Symptoms normally begin 1 to 2 weeks (average 7 days) after becoming infected.days) after becoming infected.
• SymptomsSymptoms• Diarrhea Diarrhea • Gas or flatulence Gas or flatulence • Greasy stools that tend to float Greasy stools that tend to float • Stomach or abdominal cramps Stomach or abdominal cramps • Upset stomach or nausea Upset stomach or nausea
• May lead to weight loss and dehydrationMay lead to weight loss and dehydration• Symptoms of giardiasis may last 2 to 6 weeks. Symptoms of giardiasis may last 2 to 6 weeks.
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Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas vaginalis
A flagellate - causes A flagellate - causes Trichomoniasis, a Trichomoniasis, a sexually transmitted sexually transmitted diseasedisease
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TrichomoniasisTrichomoniasis
• STDSTD• Clinical Features:Clinical Features:
• Trichomonas vaginalisTrichomonas vaginalis infection in women is infection in women is frequently symptomatic. frequently symptomatic.
• Vaginitis with a purulent discharge is the Vaginitis with a purulent discharge is the prominent symptom, and can be accompanied prominent symptom, and can be accompanied by vulvar and cervical lesions, abdominal pain, by vulvar and cervical lesions, abdominal pain, dysuria and dyspareunia. dysuria and dyspareunia.
• The incubation period is 5 to 28 days. The incubation period is 5 to 28 days. • In men, the infection is frequently In men, the infection is frequently
asymptomatic; occasionally, urethritis, asymptomatic; occasionally, urethritis, epididymitis, and prostatitis can occur. epididymitis, and prostatitis can occur.
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Tsetse fly
Trypanosomes Trypanosomes (flagellates) in blood (flagellates) in blood
smearsmear
Kissing bugKissing bug
Tsetse FlyTsetse Fly
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25 µm
Flagellum
Red bloodcells
Trypanosomewith undulatingmembrane
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Figure 5.27
T. cruzi causes Chagas disease
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East Africa West Africa
African Sleeping Sickness
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African Sleeping SicknessAfrican Sleeping Sickness
• Bite reaction Bite reaction • Parasitemia Parasitemia
• attacks of fever which starts 2-3 weeks attacks of fever which starts 2-3 weeks after the biteafter the bite
• CNS Stage CNS Stage • changes in character and personality changes in character and personality
• Terminal stage is marked by wasting Terminal stage is marked by wasting and emaciation and emaciation
• Death results from coma, intercurrent Death results from coma, intercurrent infection or cardiac failure infection or cardiac failure
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SarcodinaSarcodina (Amoebas) (Amoebas)
• PseudopodsPseudopods• Some have flagellated reproductive statesSome have flagellated reproductive states• Asexual reproduction by fissionAsexual reproduction by fission• Two groups have an external shellTwo groups have an external shell• Mostly uninucleateMostly uninucleate• Usually encystUsually encyst• Most free-livingMost free-living• ExamplesExamples
• EntamoebaEntamoeba• ForaminiferaForaminifera• RadiolariansRadiolarians
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Figure 5.24
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Infective Amoebas: Infective Amoebas: EntamoebaEntamoeba
• Amoebiasis caused by Amoebiasis caused by Entamoeba Entamoeba histolyticahistolytica
• Fourth most common protozoan Fourth most common protozoan infection in the worldinfection in the world
• Aka Aka amoebic dysenteryamoebic dysentery
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Figure 5.28
Entamoeba histolytica
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Entameoba histolytica
Causes amoebic dysentery (diarrhea) and can enter the liver, lungs, and brain
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Naegleria fowleri
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Foraminifera
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Cyanophora paradoxaCyanophora paradoxa - has no - has no chloroplasts; contains an chloroplasts; contains an endosymbiotic cyanobacterium. endosymbiotic cyanobacterium.
Pelomyxa Pelomyxa has no has no mitochondria; this mitochondria; this amoeba depends on amoeba depends on aerobic bacterial aerobic bacterial symbionts to carry out symbionts to carry out respirationrespiration
More support for the theory: More support for the theory: Living organisms that contain Living organisms that contain endosymbiotic bacteria that carry endosymbiotic bacteria that carry out vital functions in the cell.out vital functions in the cell.
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AmoebaeAmoebae
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CiliophoraCiliophora (Ciliated) (Ciliated)
• Trophozoites mobile by ciliaTrophozoites mobile by cilia• Some have cilia in tufts for feeding and Some have cilia in tufts for feeding and
attachmentattachment• Most develop cystsMost develop cysts• Both macronuclei and micronucleiBoth macronuclei and micronuclei• Division by transverse fissionDivision by transverse fission• Most have definite mouth and feeding Most have definite mouth and feeding
organelleorganelle• Show relatively advanced behaviorShow relatively advanced behavior• Majority are free-living and harmlessMajority are free-living and harmless
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CiliatesCiliates
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Balantidium coliBalantidium coli
• Only known ciliate that is pathogenic in Only known ciliate that is pathogenic in humanshumans
• Affects humans, other primates, and pigs Affects humans, other primates, and pigs which are the reservoir which are the reservoir
• Lives in the large intestine and causes Lives in the large intestine and causes diarrhea diarrhea
• Trophozoites can also be detected in Trophozoites can also be detected in tissue. tissue.
• Collect a tissue specimen from the large Collect a tissue specimen from the large intestine, by sigmoidoscopyintestine, by sigmoidoscopy
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TrophozoitesTrophozoites
CystCyst
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• Most cases are asymptomatic. Most cases are asymptomatic. • Clinical manifestations, when Clinical manifestations, when
present, include persistent present, include persistent diarrhea, occasionally dysentery, diarrhea, occasionally dysentery, abdominal pain, and weight loss. abdominal pain, and weight loss.
• Symptoms can be severe in Symptoms can be severe in debilitated persons. debilitated persons.
• Diagnosis is based on Diagnosis is based on detection of trophozoites in detection of trophozoites in stool specimens or in tissue stool specimens or in tissue collected during endoscopy. collected during endoscopy.
• Repeated stool samples Repeated stool samples • TreatmentTreatment
• Tetracycline with metronidazole Tetracycline with metronidazole and iodoquinol as alternativesand iodoquinol as alternatives
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ApicomplexaApicomplexa (Sporozoa) (Sporozoa)
• Most not motile except male gametesMost not motile except male gametes• Complex life cyclesComplex life cycles• Produce Produce sporozoitessporozoites following sexual following sexual
reproductionreproduction• Important in transmission of infectionsImportant in transmission of infections• Most form oocystsMost form oocysts• Entire group is parasiticEntire group is parasitic• ExamplesExamples
• Plasmodium Plasmodium sppspp..• Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasma gondii• Cryptosporidium parvumCryptosporidium parvum
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Mosquito - transmits the Mosquito - transmits the malaria parasite malaria parasite Plasmodium Plasmodium vivaxvivax (a sporozoan)(a sporozoan)
Malaria parasite in Malaria parasite in red blood cellsred blood cells
Parasites breaking Parasites breaking out of red blood out of red blood cellscells
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Malaria
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ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis
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ToxoplasmosisToxoplasmosis• Parasite causes eye and brain damage in a Parasite causes eye and brain damage in a
baby, if untreated. baby, if untreated.
• Acute infection in older children and adults Acute infection in older children and adults may be without symptoms, cause flu like may be without symptoms, cause flu like illness or enlarged lymph glands. illness or enlarged lymph glands.
• Latent parasite occurs very commonly in Latent parasite occurs very commonly in people infecting approximately a third to a people infecting approximately a third to a half of all humans. half of all humans. • Can cause active disease if a person becomes Can cause active disease if a person becomes
immune compromised immune compromised
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Protozoan Identification and Protozoan Identification and CultivationCultivation
• Shape and size of cellShape and size of cell• Type, number, and distribution of Type, number, and distribution of
locomotor structureslocomotor structures• Presence of special organelles or Presence of special organelles or
cystscysts• Number of nucleiNumber of nuclei• Can be cultivated on artificial media Can be cultivated on artificial media
or in laboratory animalsor in laboratory animals
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Toxoplasma gondiiToxoplasma gondii
• Clinical FeaturesClinical Features::• Generally an asymptomatic or mild self-limiting Generally an asymptomatic or mild self-limiting
infection. infection. • Immunodeficient patients Immunodeficient patients • brain lesionsbrain lesions• pneumonitispneumonitis
• Pregnant women/infantPregnant women/infant• miscarriage; still birthsmiscarriage; still births• cerebral palsey; seisurescerebral palsey; seisures• mental retardationmental retardation• eye infections; impaired eye infections; impaired
visionvision• enlarged liver and spleen enlarged liver and spleen
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Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium can be a can be a problem in municipal water problem in municipal water
supplies.supplies.
Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidium affects affects humans, dogs, and cattlehumans, dogs, and cattle
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Cryptosporidium
Intracellular parasite
Causes diarrhea
Affects humans, cattle, sheep, dogs
No effective drug treatment for cryptosporidiosis
Antibiotics are contraindicated; supportive care only
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Important Protozoan Important Protozoan PathogensPathogens
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Phylum ForaminiferaPhylum Foraminifera
• have a protective shell or TEST, have a protective shell or TEST, usually made of calcium carbonateusually made of calcium carbonate
• layers of tests can deposit on the layers of tests can deposit on the ocean floorocean floor• these can form limestone and chalk, like these can form limestone and chalk, like
the White Cliffs of Doverthe White Cliffs of Dover• Some species of forams are good Some species of forams are good
indicators of oil deposits belowindicators of oil deposits below
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Cliffs of Cliffs of DoverDover
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Plant-like Plant-like ProtistsProtists
are classified byare classified by
CCOOLLOORR
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Plant Like ProtistaPlant Like Protista
• Importance of ProtistsImportance of Protists• AutotrophicAutotrophic protists = protists = algaealgae
• Photosynthetic algae are the most important Photosynthetic algae are the most important primary producersprimary producers of the world’s freshwater of the world’s freshwater and marine ecosystemsand marine ecosystems• Many are microscopic Many are microscopic • Some are huge: kelpSome are huge: kelp
• Few cause diseaseFew cause disease• Toxic blooms of dinoflagellates causeToxic blooms of dinoflagellates cause• Red tidesRed tides• shellfish poisoningshellfish poisoning
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Diatoms
Giant Kelp
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Photosynthetic ProducersPhotosynthetic Producers
6 CO2 + 6H2O 6
C6H12O6
Photosynthesis
Respiration
Energy
Energy
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Lake Trophic Lake Trophic LevelsLevels
ZooplanktoZooplanktonn
11o o
consumersconsumers
BluegillBluegill22oo
consumerconsumerss
Algae - Algae - producersproducers
BassBass33oo
consumerconsumerss
Osprey Osprey HumansHumans
44oo
consumerconsumerss
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Phylum ChlorophytaPhylum Chlorophyta
• have both chlorophyll have both chlorophyll aa and and b b (so (so they are green)they are green)
• have cellulose cell wallshave cellulose cell walls• store carbohydrates as starchstore carbohydrates as starch• have many types of sexual have many types of sexual
reproductionreproduction• exhibit many types of organizationexhibit many types of organization
--Are thought to be the ancestors of --Are thought to be the ancestors of plants--plants--
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Variations in Variations in Sexual Sexual
ReproductionReproduction• IsogamousIsogamous= both sperm and = both sperm and
egg are motile and equal in sizeegg are motile and equal in size• AnisogamousAnisogamous= both sperm and = both sperm and
egg are motile and differ in sizeegg are motile and differ in size• OogamousOogamous= large, nonmotile = large, nonmotile
egg and small, motile spermegg and small, motile sperm
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Variations in Variations in Sexual Sexual
ReproductionReproduction
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Phylum ChlorophytaPhylum Chlorophytaorganizationorganization
1. Unicellular1. Unicellular
2. Filamentous2. Filamentous
3. Colonial 3. Colonial
4. Bi-layer4. Bi-layer
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Unicellular Green Algae Unicellular Green Algae ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas
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ChlamydomonasChlamydomonas
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Filamentous Green AlgaeFilamentous Green AlgaeSpirogyraSpirogyra
has spiral-shaped chloroplastshas spiral-shaped chloroplasts
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another filamentous Green another filamentous Green Algae Algae ZygnemaZygnema
2 Star-shaped chloroplasts per 2 Star-shaped chloroplasts per cellscells
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a colonial Green Algae … a colonial Green Algae … VolvoxVolvox
Mother colony with Daughter Mother colony with Daughter coloniescolonies
Mother Colony
Daughter Colony
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a bi-layered Green a bi-layered Green AlgaeAlgae
UlvaUlva (sea lettuce) (sea lettuce)
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Harvesting UlvaHarvesting Ulva
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Phylum Phylum PhaeophytPhaeophyt
aa
• brown algaebrown algae• multicellularmulticellular• flagellated sperm flagellated sperm
cellscells• Ex.: Ex.: FucusFucus & Kelp & Kelp
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Phylum Pheaophyta:Phylum Pheaophyta:Brown Algae… Laminaria… Brown Algae… Laminaria…
KelpKelp
Air Bladders:Used to take blades to the surface for
photosynthesis
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Phylum Rhodophyta:Phylum Rhodophyta:Red AlgaeRed Algae
•are multicellular
•contain red accessory pigments called phycobilins
•gametes do not have flagella
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• formerly known as Pyrrophyta or fire formerly known as Pyrrophyta or fire algaealgae
• have two flagellahave two flagella• some are bioluminescent, producing lightsome are bioluminescent, producing light• others produce nerve toxinsothers produce nerve toxins
• dinoflagellates are collected and dinoflagellates are collected and concentrated in filter-feeding animalsconcentrated in filter-feeding animals
• people who eat these animals become people who eat these animals become sicksick
Phylum Phylum DinoflagellataDinoflagellata
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Phylum DinoflagellataPhylum Dinoflagellataex. ex. PeridiniumPeridinium
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Red Tide- Red Tide- results from a results from a
bloom ofbloom of PeridiniumPeridinium
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Phylum Bacillariophyta:Phylum Bacillariophyta: Diatoms… have tests (shells) that Diatoms… have tests (shells) that
contain silica (SiOcontain silica (SiO22), or glass), or glass
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Diatom StrewDiatom Strew
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Diatoms - a SEM Diatoms - a SEM picturepicture
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Phylum Phylum EuglenophytaEuglenophyta
• have one to three flagella at their have one to three flagella at their leading (apical) endleading (apical) end
• have thin protein strips called have thin protein strips called pellicles wrapped over their pellicles wrapped over their membranesmembranes
• have an eyespot that permits have an eyespot that permits them to swim toward lightthem to swim toward light
• can become heterotrophic when can become heterotrophic when there is no lightthere is no light
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Euglena Euglena (arrow indicates (arrow indicates anterior end)anterior end)
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The Euglena uses a The Euglena uses a flagella as aflagella as a
means of locomotion.means of locomotion.
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Phylum Phylum ChrysophytaChrysophyta
• Are golden yellowAre golden yellow• Have one or two apical Have one or two apical
flagellaflagella
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MORE MORE Examples of Examples of
Autotrophic Protists Autotrophic Protists (Algae)(Algae)
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Giant Kelp Forest
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Desmids – a type of Desmids – a type of green algaegreen algae
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Green and Green and golden algaegolden algae
SummerSummer
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TabellariaTabellaria - a diatom Note the - a diatom Note the sheets of rectangular cellssheets of rectangular cells
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AsterionellaAsterionella - a diatom - a diatom
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DinobryonDinobryon
A chrysophyte algae – Early A chrysophyte algae – Early SpringSpring
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Gonyaulax (another flagellate) and view of red tide
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Fungal Like Fungal Like ProtistsProtists
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HabitatsHabitats
• Most protists live inMost protists live in• oceanocean• freshwater pondsfreshwater ponds• lakeslakes• StreamsStreams• SoilSoil
• Parasitic protists live in body fluids Parasitic protists live in body fluids of hostsof hosts
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Phylum Phylum Acrasiomycota: Acrasiomycota:
Cellular Slime MoldsCellular Slime Molds• have both fungus and protist characteristicshave both fungus and protist characteristics• spores germinate into amoebas that feed on spores germinate into amoebas that feed on
bacteriabacteria• When food is depleted, When food is depleted, cyclic AMPcyclic AMP is released, is released,
causing amoebas to aggregate into one unit causing amoebas to aggregate into one unit • the crowd of amoebas form a slug that the crowd of amoebas form a slug that
migratesmigrates• cells from the slug form a stalk with a capsule, cells from the slug form a stalk with a capsule,
which makes sporeswhich makes spores• spores are released, and the cycle repeatsspores are released, and the cycle repeats
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Acrasiomycota Life CycleAcrasiomycota Life Cycle
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Phylum AcrasiomycotaPhylum Acrasiomycotaaggregating aggregating
amoebasamoebascolony & fruiting
body
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Phylum Myxomycota: Phylum Myxomycota: Plasmodial Slime MoldsPlasmodial Slime Molds
• grow as a single, spreading mass or grow as a single, spreading mass or plasmodiumplasmodium
• feed on decaying vegetationfeed on decaying vegetation• when the environment becomes unfavorable when the environment becomes unfavorable
(no food or water), they form stalks and (no food or water), they form stalks and spore-producing capsulesspore-producing capsules
• haploid spores germinate into amoeboid or haploid spores germinate into amoeboid or flagellated cellsflagellated cells
• these cells fuse to form a new diploid these cells fuse to form a new diploid plasmodiumplasmodium
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Myxomycota Life CycleMyxomycota Life Cycle
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MyxomycoMyxomycotata
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Phylum Phylum OomycotaOomycota
• are parasitic and saprophyticare parasitic and saprophytic• form filaments, or form filaments, or hyphahyphae (like fungi)e (like fungi)• secrete enzymes into surroundings & secrete enzymes into surroundings &
absorb nutrients (like fungi) absorb nutrients (like fungi) • filaments lack filaments lack septasepta or or cross wallscross walls
resulting in many nuclei in a cell, they resulting in many nuclei in a cell, they are are coenocyticcoenocytic
• have cell walls made of cellulose, not have cell walls made of cellulose, not chitinchitin
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Examples:Examples:• water moldswater molds• downy downy
mildewsmildews• white rustswhite rusts
OomycotOomycota a
Life Life CycleCycle
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Leptomitus
Powdery Mildew
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Phylum Phylum OomycotaOomycota
• potatoes are native to North potatoes are native to North America America
• they were introduced to Europe and they were introduced to Europe and became a staple of the dietbecame a staple of the diet
• during the summer of 1846 most of during the summer of 1846 most of the potato crop was destroyed by the potato crop was destroyed by Phytophthora Phytophthora (an oomycota)(an oomycota)
• nearly 1,000,000 Irish people died, nearly 1,000,000 Irish people died, and 1,500,000 emigrated to other and 1,500,000 emigrated to other countries, like the U.S.countries, like the U.S.
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Pfiesteria piscicida.
Ulcers on fish caused by Pfiesteria
Note the long flagella
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Evolutionary Evolutionary ConsiderationsConsiderations
• One group of flagellates, the One group of flagellates, the choanoflagellates, is thought choanoflagellates, is thought to have given rise to the to have given rise to the simplest animals, the simplest animals, the sponges.sponges.
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