Download - Intelligence n What is “intelligence”? n Why/how do we measure it? n What do we do with the scores?
IntelligenceIntelligence
What is “intelligence”?What is “intelligence”? Why/how do we measure it?Why/how do we measure it? What do we do with the scores?What do we do with the scores?
Major IssuesMajor Issues
Theoretical vs. Psychometric baseTheoretical vs. Psychometric base One, two, or many factorsOne, two, or many factors Nature vs. nurtureNature vs. nurture Individual or group administrationIndividual or group administration Verbal or non-verbalVerbal or non-verbal Culture bias? Free? Fair?Culture bias? Free? Fair?
1869 - Sir Francis Galton1869 - Sir Francis Galton
““father of intelligence testing”father of intelligence testing” Hereditary GeniusHereditary Genius (eugenics) (eugenics) Measured sensory apparatusMeasured sensory apparatus
1905 - Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon1905 - Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon
Original test - Original test - classification of mentally retardedclassification of mentally retarded ability for sound judgementsability for sound judgements age related tasksage related tasks 1916 - Terman - US revision = 1916 - Terman - US revision =
Stanford/BinetStanford/Binet
1927 - Spearman1927 - Spearman
Two-factor theoryTwo-factor theory
g = general intellectual factorg = general intellectual factor
s = specific factors = specific factor
(e = measurement error)(e = measurement error)
1935 - Thurstone1935 - Thurstone
7 Group factors = primary mental abilities7 Group factors = primary mental abilities
verbal comprehensionverbal comprehension
word fluencyword fluency
numbernumber
spacespace
associative memoryassociative memory
perceptual speedperceptual speed
reasoningreasoning
1939 - David Wechsler1939 - David Wechsler
adult intelligence (first, children later)adult intelligence (first, children later)
act purposefullyact purposefully
think rationallythink rationally
deal effectively with environmentdeal effectively with environment verbal and performance abilitiesverbal and performance abilities
(also full scale)(also full scale)
1959 - Guilford1959 - Guilford
Three faces of intelligenceThree faces of intelligence
5 Operations - what a person does5 Operations - what a person does
5 Content - material it is done on5 Content - material it is done on
6 Products - form in which 6 Products - form in which information information is stored is stored
(apply operation to content = product)(apply operation to content = product)
150 possible combinations150 possible combinations
1963 - Cattell1963 - Cattell
fluid abilities = reasoning (procedural)fluid abilities = reasoning (procedural)
crystalized abilities = acquired knowledge crystalized abilities = acquired knowledge and facts and facts
(declarative)(declarative)
1975 - Gardner1975 - GardnerMultiple IntelligencesMultiple Intelligences
logical-mathematicallogical-mathematicallinguisticlinguisticspatialspatialmusicalmusicalbodily-kinestheticbodily-kinestheticinterpersonalinterpersonalintrapersonalintrapersonal(naturalist, spiritual, existential)(naturalist, spiritual, existential)
1980 - Sternberg1980 - Sternberg
““successful intelligence = the ability to adapt to, successful intelligence = the ability to adapt to, shape, and select environments to accomplish shape, and select environments to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture” one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture” (1999)(1999)
Triarchic theoryTriarchic theory
metacomponents (metacognition)metacomponents (metacognition)
performance components (procedural)performance components (procedural)
knowledge acquisition componentsknowledge acquisition components
(declarative)(declarative)
1960 - 90 Information Processing Approach
1960 - 90 Information Processing Approach
Aleksandr Luria Aleksandr Luria
HowHow information is processed, not information is processed, not WhatWhat is is processedprocessed
Parallel (simultaneous)Parallel (simultaneous)
Serial (successive, sequential)Serial (successive, sequential)
Information processing measuresInformation processing measures
Kaufman - (K-ABC)Kaufman - (K-ABC)Das and Naglieri = CAS (Das and Naglieri = CAS (Cognitive Assessment Cognitive Assessment
System)System)
PASS – systemPASS – systemP = planningP = planningA = attentionA = attentionS = SimultaneousS = SimultaneousS = SuccessiveS = Successive