Download - Inclusive Growth
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INCLUSIVE GROWTH AND
HOW TO ENSURE IT
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IntroductionWhat is inclusive growth?
Need for Inclusive Growth
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Elements of Inclusive GrowthFive interrelated elements of inclusive
growth.Poverty Reduction and increase in quantity
and quality of employment Agricultural DevelopmentSocial Sector DevelopmentReduction in regional disparitiesProtecting the environment
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Trends in Poverty (%): India Year Rural Urban Total
1973-74 56 49 55
1983 46 41 45
1993-94 37 32 36
2004-05 28 26 28
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Number of poor (in million)Year Number (million)1973-74 3211983 3231993-94 3202004-05 302
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Determinants of Rural PovertyAgricultural GrowthRelative food pricesRural non-farm sectorRural wagesGovernments’ development expenditureInfrastructureHuman Development
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Policies for Poverty AlleviationIndia adopted two pronged approachGrowth approachDirect approachSelf employment programPublic Distribution SystemNational Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme
(NREGS)
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Problems in EmploymentShare in Output and Employment of different
sectors
SECTOR G.D.P (%) EMPLOYMENT (%)
AGRICULTURE 20 57
INDUSTRY 23 18
SERVICE 57 25
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Inclusive Growth: Agriculture Concerns in AgricultureDeceleration in growthLand and water problemsDisparities in growthLong term factors
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Goals Of Agricultural DevelopmentAchieve growth in agriculturesharing growthmaintain sustainability of agriculture
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Deficits in Agriculture GrowthSix deficits in agriculture land and water management deficitinvestment, credit and Infrastructure
deficit,research and extension (technology)
deficit,market deficit, institutions deficit,education/skill deficit
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Social Developmenteducation and healthnutrition
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Regional DisparitiesSignificant Regional Disparities in IndiaPer capita incomeFemale infant mortalityFemale literacyCauses for disparities;Investment in physical and human capitalTechnologyInstitutions including governance
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EnvironmentDegradation of land, water. Increase in
pollution levelsChallenges of climate changeConsumption patterns of rich
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What Should be done to improve inclusive growth?Equity is important for economic developmentAgricultural DevelopmentEconomic reforms are important. But macro-poor
policies (fiscal, trade, financial, monetary etc.) should have pro-poor focus
Structural change should have followed agriculture-industry-services sequence
Development of manufacturing sector is important for creation of productive employment
Equality of opportunities (education)
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What should be done? (contd.)Role of TechnologyShift focus of reforms to delivery systemsImportance of women’s economic and social
empowermentDecentralizationEconomic reforms in relation to socio-
political environmentRights approach (civil, political and
economic)
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Conclusion There are strong social, economic and political
reasons for achieving broader and inclusive growth.
Socially, lack of inclusive growth leads to unrest among many people.
There is also an economic argument. The measures which raise equity also promote economic growth.
Lastly, the political argument is that no government in a democracy can afford to ignore large sections of workers and non-working population.
If it is not inclusive it can generate very severe social tensions. Thus, politically, for having a stable and democratic society one needs to have inclusive growth.
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