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‘Best Practices’ under Integrated Watershed Management
Programme (IWMP)
Suhas P Wani, Kaushal K Garg and Team
ICRISAT Development Center
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Mission
To reduce poverty, enhance food
and nutritional security and protect
the environment of the semi-arid
tropics by helping empower the
poor through science with a human
face
Our locations
ICRISAT’s Vision and Mission
Vision
Improved well-being of the poor of
the semi-arid tropics
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Per capita water resources availability
is decreasing Example India case
Source: CWC, Government of India
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Groundwater use status in India
Details Values
Total Agricultural Land 142 Million ha
Rainfed area ~ 60%
Irrigated area ~ 40%
Surface water irrigated area 21 Million ha
Groundwater irrigated area 27 Million ha
Total groundwater withdrawal (1960) 25 Km3
Total groundwater withdrawal (2009) 250-300 Km3
Number of bore wells (1960) 1 Million
Number of bore wells (2009) 20 Million
Source: Government of India
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Importance of Rainfed Agriculture
Contributes 60% of
world’s food fro % of cultivated land
Ho e of world’s poor a d malnourished people
Yields from rain-fed
agriculture are low in
semi-arid tropical agro-
ecosystems
Green revolution drove
away food shortage of
’s ut at a ost
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Poverty
Population explosion
Energy Security
Water scarcity and upcoming climate
change
Land degradation and depleting ESS
Human health
Common Challenge:
Eliminating rural poverty and sustainable development Emerging Issues
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Curre t far ers’ yields are lower y to folds tha the achievable yields
Vast potential of rainfed agriculture needs to be
harnessed
Huge untapped potential exist in rainfed
areas: Need for Sustainable intensification
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Sustainable Intensification, Watershed-
based Land Use Planning, Increased
Efficiency of Resources
Land
Water
Energy
Nutrients
Labor
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Convergence
Collective action
Capacity building
Consortium for
technical backstopping
Consortium Approach for Community
Watershed Management
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Formation of Community-based
Organizations
• Representation of community including
land less and women
• community mobilization and rapport
building
• Knowledge based entry point
• Collective action and transparency
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Far ers’ Ce tri Watershed as an Entry Point
Holistic livelihood approach
Sustainability, empowerment and Knowledge sharing
Social inclusion (equity & gender)
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Identifying watershed and suitable
interventions: Use of advance technologies
•Google earth image
•Delineation of stream network using DEM
• Landuse details using remote sensing
•Simulation modeling
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Groundnut on BBF, Kurnool, A.P.
Field-based Soil and Water Conservation
Measures Benefited Farmers
Contour cultivation
Broadbed and furrow
Flat on grade
Conservation furrow
Border strips
Field bunds
Vegetative bunds
(Gliricidia and Vetiver plants)
Conservation furrow system, Mahaboobnagar, A.P. Contour cultivation, Xiao Xincun watershed, China
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RWH protocol should be reconsidered with
changing climate situation
• There is no defined protocol for rainwater harvesting as per agro-ecosystem
• Most of RWH design protocols are based on medium rainfall zone but not for low and high rainfall regions
• This over capture or under capture the potential of rainwater harvesting
• Need to be reconsidered the capacities of RWH structures with upcoming extreme events
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To mitigate dry spells, recharge groundwater,
enable off-season irrigation and permit multiple
uses of water
Low cost structures throughout the topo-sequence
helps in addressing equity issue
Decentralize approach of water harvesting
addresses equity issue and enhance
number of ecosystem services
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Low-cost mini percolation tank
Water harvesting and aquifer
recharging How Much ?
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Monsoonal Water Balance at Kothapally: Jun to Oct
Rainfall
(mm)
Outflow
(mm)
GW
Recharge
ET
(mm)
Other
(mm)
750 60 (8 %) 120 (16 %) 540 (72 %) 30 (4 %)
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Watershed interventions enhanced groundwater
recharge by 50-80 %
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Water balance in Kothapally watershed
No Int. vs. Max Int.
Hydrological
Parameters
No Intervention
stage
After AWM
interventions
Rainfall (mm) 750 750
Runoff (mm) 143 (19 %) 60 (8 %)
ET (mm) 512 (68 %) 540 (72 %)
GW recharge (mm) 70 (9 %) 120 (16 %)
Change in SMC (mm) 25 (3 %) 30 (4 %)
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Soil loss reduced by 3 to 5 folds after implementing
AWM interventions in Kothapally watershed
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Daily rainfall (mm)
Soil
loss
(to
n/h
a)
Post w/s development
Pre w/s development
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Water saving/crop Intensification
through Demand management
Enhancing green water use efficiency
Land form management
In-situ interventions
Enhancing blue water use efficiency
Supplemental irrigation
Improved method of irrigation
Irrigation scheduling through WIC
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Waste water treatment thru low cost
technologies/ Constructed Wetlands
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Productivity enhancement thru
Participatory cultivars selection
• Identify cultivar
• Farmers selection
• Farmers participatory demonstrations
Pearl millet and pigeonpea with micronutrients amendment (left) and with farmers practice (right)
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Productivity enhancement thru various
improved agronomic practices
Integrated Nutrient
Management
Integrated Pest
Management
Improved crop
varieties
Agro-forestry
Fodder availability
Bhoochetana: Mean yields of
ragi, maize and soybean from
farmers’ fields in different districts of Karnataka during
kharif season 2009
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Improved Livestock for
Livelihoods
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Micro-enterprises: Improved Livelihoods
in Benchmark Watershed
• Vermicomposting
• Value addition: Daal mills
installed
• Village-based seed bank
• Nursery raising by SHGs
In Adarsha watershed, Kothapally 100 farmers send 10 t fresh vegetables everyday directly to supply chain with +2000 Rs t-1
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Involvement of Youth
Example: Bhoochetana in Karnataka
Farm Facilitators (FF) and Lead Farmers (LF)
Every 500 ha one FF and 2-3 LFs
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Knowledge Sharing
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Innovative Extension Systems
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Monitoring and Evaluation
Data monitoring:
• Baseline characterization
• Hydrological Monitoring
• Soil loss and water quality
• Socio-economic data
Analyzing impact:
• Understanding hydrology
Groundwater recharge
Upstream-downstream
interaction
• Technical and economical
feasibility
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ICRISAT is a member of the CGIAR Consortium