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H.I.V./ A.I.Ds
.
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WHAT IS HIV??
“Human Immunodeficiency Virus” A unique type of virus (a retrovirus)
Invades the helper T cells in the body of the host (defense mechanism of a person)
Threatening a global epidemic.
Preventable, managable but not curable.
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WHAT IS AIDS ???
“Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome”
HIV is the virus that causes AIDS
Disease limits the body’s ability to fight infection due to markedly reduced helper T cells.
Patients have a very weak immune system (defense mechanism)
Patients predisposed to multiple opportunistic infections leading to death.
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Modes of HIV/AIDS Transmission
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Through Bodily Fluids
Blood products
Semen
Vaginal fluids
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IntraVenous Drug Abuse
Sharing Needles Without sterilization Increases the chances of
contracting HIV
Unsterilized blades
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Through Sex
Unprotected Intercourse Oral
Anal
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Mother-to-Baby
Before Birth
During Birth
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NATURAL COURSE OF HIV/AIDS
Stages of HIV/AIDS
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Stage 1 - Primary Short, flu-like illness -
occurs one to six weeks after infection
Mild symptoms
Infected person can infect other people
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Stage 2 - Asymptomatic
Lasts for an average of ten years
This stage is free from symptoms
There may be swollen glands
The level of HIV in the blood drops to low levels
HIV antibodies are detectable in the blood
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Stage 3 - Symptomatic
The immune system deteriorates
Opportunistic infections and cancers start to appear.
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Stage 4 - HIV AIDS
The immune system weakens too much as CD4 cells decrease in number.
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Opportunistic Infections associated with AIDSCD4( T Cells)
<500Bacterial infectionsTuberculosis (TB)Herpes SimplexHerpes ZosterVaginal candidiasisHairy leukoplakiaKaposi’s sarcoma
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Testing Options for HIV
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Blood Detection Tests
HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Screening test for HIVSensitivity > 99.9%
Western blot Confirmatory testSpeicificity > 99.9% (when combined with ELIZA)
HIV rapid antibody test Screening test for HIVSimple to perform
Absolute CD4 lymphocyte count
Predictor of HIV progressionRisk of opportunistic infections and AIDS when <200
HIV viral load tests Best test for diagnosis of acute HIV infectionCorrelates with disease progression and response to HAART
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Urine Testing
Urine Western Blot As sensitive as testing blood
Safe way to screen for HIV
Can cause false positives in certain people at high risk for HIV
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Oral Testing
Orasure The only FDA approved HIV
antibody.
As accurate as blood testing
Draws blood-derived fluids from the gum tissue.
NOT A SALIVA TEST!
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Treatment Options
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Antiretroviral Drugs (HAART)
Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase inhibitors AZT (Zidovudine)
Non-Nucleoside Transcriptase inhibitors Viramune (Nevirapine)
Protease inhibitors Norvir (Ritonavir)
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GLOBL ESTIMATES 2008
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HIV PREVALENCE IN VARIOUS REGIONS
4%
4%
3%
3%
2%
1%
1%
1%
64%
18%
Source: UNAIDS, AIDS Epidemic Update, December 2004.
Total = 39.4 million
Sub-Saharan Africa
South/South-East Asia
Oceania
Caribbean
North Africa/Middle East
Western Europe
North America
East Asia
Eurasia
Latin America
<
42%
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NON GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS
54 NGOs are involved in HIV/AIDS public awareness and in the care and support of persons living with HIV/AIDS.
Also working on education and prevention interventions targeting sex workers, truck drivers, and other high-risk groups.
But reaching less than 5 percent of the vulnerable population.
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WHAT WE CAN DO??
UNAIDS Outcome Framework 2009–2013: nine priority areas
We can reduce sexual transmission of HIV.
We can prevent mothers from dying and babies from becoming infected with HIV.
We can ensure that people living with HIV receive treatment.
We can prevent people living with HIV from dying of tuberculosis.
We can protect drug users from becoming infected with HIV.
We can remove punitive laws, policies, practices, stigma and discrimination that
block effective responses to AIDS.
We can stop violence against women and girls.
We can empower young people to protect themselves from HIV.
We can enhance social protection for people affected by HIV.