Pre-Islamic Arabia:
AL-JAHILIYYA
The People of the Peninsula
The Arab Peoples: Origins
al-‘arab al-bā’ida (the “lost” Arabs)
al-‘arab al-‘āriba (the “true” Arabs) - Qahtan [S/W Arabia]
al-‘arab al-musta‘riba (the “Arabised” Arabs) – ‘Adnan [C/N Arabia]
The People of the Peninsula
The Arab Tribe (qabīla, pl. qaba’il)
‘Anaza, Shammar, Harb, Mutayr, ‘Ajman, Zafir, al-Murra, Qahtan, ‘Utayba, Dawāsir, Qawāsim, Tamim.
The People of the Peninsula
Tribal ‘Structure’
qabīla, pl. qabā’il (tribe) ‘ashīra, pl. ‘ashā’ir (clan) fakhdh, (five generations) bayt (three generatons)
The People of the Peninsula The Arab Tribe (qabīla)
- the virtues (al-muruwwa):
Valour/Bravery (al-shajā‘a) Generosity (al-karam) Faithfulness (al-wafa’) Vengeance Boasting (al-fakhr)
Makah
Trade centerCultural centerReligious center
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ByzantineEmpire *
Persian Empire
An Arabian dynastyAn Arabian
dynasty *•
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• 570 Muhammad (PBUH) born in Mecca.
• 610 First revelation in the cave of Herraa.
• 622 “Hijra” the immigration from Mecca to Madinah (Yathrib).
Year 1 in the Islamic calendar ‘Missionaries’ sent all over Arabia
• 629 Muhammad (PBUH) conquers Mecca peacefully
• 632 The prophet dies in Madinah.
Prophet Muhammad, 570-632
Quraiysh
Qussaiy
Abdmanaf
Abdshams Hashem
(Amneh+) Abdallah Abutalib Hamzeh Alabbas Abulahab Alhareth
(661-750) (750-1258)
Muhammad Ali
Adbelmuttalib
Ummayad Dynasty Abbbasside Dynasty
Abraham
Ismail
Adnan
His father Abdullah, a Qurayshite of the clan of Hashim, had died before the prophet was born. His mother died a few years later.
At the age of 25, married Khadija, a Qurayshite widow, and prospered as a trader between Damascus, Busra, Mecca and Yemen.
Before his fortieth year Muhammad (PBUH) had often secluded himself in meditation. In Ramadan, July 610 C.E., as he sat in a cave in mount Hira’, God revealed his words to the prophet through the angel Gabriel.
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First revelation
The first verses of the Quran were: “Read (or recite) in the name of your Lord who created, created man from a clinging clot.” (Qur’an, 95:1-2)
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615 CESome of the
Muslims emigrate to Abysinnia.
615 CESome of the
Muslims emigrate to Abysinnia.
ETHIOPIAETHIOPIA
The revelations he reported receiving at Makkah and Madinah came over 23 years, between about 610 and 632 CE. The revelations were transmitted by Muhammad (PBUH) to his followers in Arabic, and they were memorized and written down during his lifetime. These words were known as the Qur’an, literally, “the recitation.”
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After thirteen years of teaching and persecution at Makkah, the Muslims migrated to Madinah in an event called the Hijrah, which marks the beginning of the Islamic calendar (Hijri), in 622 CE (Common Era).
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The years following the Hijrah were marked by conflict between Quraysh in Mecca and the Muslims (now in Madinah), including several major battles and a treaty. Muhammad (PBUH) lived for ten more years, during which the Muslim community grew from a few hundred to many thousands, developed a stable community with a system of beliefs, practices and leadership, and secured a bloodless victory over Makkah.
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