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GRAMMAR BOOKGRAMMAR BOOK
Walberto Haynes Walberto Haynes
Spanish 3Spanish 3
Period 1Period 1
Parte 1Table of Contents
1. Present tense (ar, er, ir)
2. Stem changers
3. Irregulars
4. Saber vs. conocer
5. Reflexives
6. “Se” impersonal
7. Verbs like gustar
8. Cer/cir, guir/uir, ger/gir
9. Hacer expressions
10. Imperfect: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words
11. Preterite: 1) irregulars- car, gar, zar, spock, cucaracha, snake, snakey
12. Comparatives/ superlatives
13. Future: 1) irregulars 2) trigger words
AR, ER, IRAR, ER, IR
Stem ChangersStem Changers
Some spanish verbs are called Some spanish verbs are called stem-changersstem-changers because because when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a when they are conjugated, the stem changes in a predictable way.predictable way.
IrregularsIrregulars
Saber vs. ConocerSaber vs. Conocer In Spanish, there are two verbs that express the idea "to know." In Spanish, there are two verbs that express the idea "to know."
These two verbs are "saber" and "conocer." The verb you choose These two verbs are "saber" and "conocer." The verb you choose depends upon the context in which it is used. These verbs are depends upon the context in which it is used. These verbs are notnot interchangeable.interchangeable.
ReflexivesReflexives Reflexive nouns:Reflexive nouns:
meme (myself) (myself)tete (yourself) (yourself)sese (himself, herself, yourself) (himself, herself, yourself)nosnos (ourselves) (ourselves)osos (yourselves) (yourselves)sese (themselves, yourselves) (themselves, yourselves)
““Se” ImpersonalSe” Impersonal In English, you'll hear statements like: "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital,” In English, you'll hear statements like: "You shouldn't smoke in a hospital,”
"They say she is very pretty,” and "One never knows when he will turn up.""They say she is very pretty,” and "One never knows when he will turn up." These are "impersonal expressions". In other words, we don't really have These are "impersonal expressions". In other words, we don't really have
anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We anyone specific in mind when we say "They say..." or "One" or " You". We mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".mean people in general. This is what we mean by "impersonal".
Verbs like gustarVerbs like gustar Gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether Gustar becomes either gusta or gustan, depending upon whether
the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do the subject of the sentence is singular or plural. It has nothing to do with which IO pronoun is used.with which IO pronoun is used.
Uir/ Guir, Cer/ Cir, Ger/ GirUir/ Guir, Cer/ Cir, Ger/ Gir
Guir: in yo form, the gu gGuir: in yo form, the gu gUir: add a y before the letters a, e, and oUir: add a y before the letters a, e, and oCer/Cir: in yo form c azCer/Cir: in yo form c azGer/Gir: chang g ajGer/Gir: chang g aj
Hacer expressionsHacer expressions The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of The verb "hacer" can be used in a number of ways to indicate the length of
time an action has been taking place. Here is a formula:time an action has been taking place. Here is a formula:
ImperfectImperfect
The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past The imperfect tense is used to refer to actions in the past that occurred repeatedly.that occurred repeatedly.
The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the The imperfect tense is also used to refer to actions in the past that occurred over an extended period of time.past that occurred over an extended period of time.
Irregular ImperfectIrregular Imperfect
ser ir ver
era iba veía
eras ibas veías
era iba veía
éramos íbamos veíamos
erais ibais veíais
eran iban veían
Imperfect Trigger WordsImperfect Trigger Words
Examples:Examples: ayerayer (yesterday), (yesterday), anteayeranteayer (the day before yesterday), (the day before yesterday), anocheanoche (last night), (last night), desde desde
el primer momentoel primer momento (from the first moment), (from the first moment), durante dos siglosdurante dos siglos (for two (for two centuries), centuries), el otro díael otro día (the other day), (the other day), en ese momentoen ese momento (at that moment), (at that moment), entoncesentonces (then), (then), esta mañanaesta mañana (this morning), (this morning), esta tardeesta tarde (this afternoon), (this afternoon), la la semana pasadasemana pasada (last week), (last week), el mes pasadoel mes pasado (last month), (last month), el año pasadoel año pasado (last (last year), year), hace dos días, añoshace dos días, años (two days, years ago), (two days, years ago), ayer por la mañanaayer por la mañana (yesterday (yesterday morning), morning), ayer por la tardeayer por la tarde (yesterday afternoon). (yesterday afternoon).
PreteritePreterite
The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a The preterite is used for actions that were repeated a specific number of times, or occurred during a specific specific number of times, or occurred during a specific period of time.period of time.
The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain The preterite is used for actions that were part of a chain of events.of events.
Irregular Preterite Irregular Preterite
CAR, GAR, ZAR
Car Qué
Gar Gué
Zar Cé
1st person only
Hacer Dar y Ver Ir y Ser
Hice D/V i Fui
Hiciste D/V iste Fuiste
Hizo D/V io Fue
Hicimos D/V imos Fuimos
Hicieron D/V ieron Fueron
CUCARACHA é andar anduv_ iste estar estuv_ o poder pud_ imos poner pus_ ieron querer quis_
saber sup_tener tuv_venir vin_
Irregular Preterite Irregular Preterite ContinuedContinued
Snake:•Change the root of the verb in the preterit only in the usted and ustedes forms
Snakey•Only change in usted and ustedes•Add “y” to beginning of suffix
Comparatives/ SuperlativesComparatives/ Superlatives
Comparisons are expressed as follows:màs...que : more... thanmenos...que : less... thantan...como : as... astanto(a, os, as)...como : as much/many... as
FutureFuture
The future tense is used to tell what "will" The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen.happen, or what "shall" happen.
Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb: -é, -ás, -á, -emos, -éis, -án.
hablaréhablaráshablaráhablaremoshablaréishablarán
Irregular FutureIrregular Future
Irregular –ER verbs Irregular –IR verbs
SABERto know
PONERto put
VENIRto come
SALIRto leave, go
out
yo sabré pondré vendré saldré
tú sabrás pondrás vendrás saldrás
Ud., él, ella,
sabrá pondrá vendrá saldrá
nosotros/as
sabremos pondremos vendremos saldremos
vosotros/as
sabréis pondréis vendréis saldréis
Uds., ellos, ellas
sabrán pondrán vendrán saldrán
•You will notice that the irregular –er verbs drop the –e from the infinitive ending, while the irregular –ir verbs replace the –i with an –r.
Parte 2Table of Contents
1.1. Pret/ impPret/ imp
2.2. Fut/condFut/cond
3.3. PorPor
4.4. ParaPara
5.5. Por v. paraPor v. para
6.6. CommandsCommands
7.7. Pres. perfectsPres. perfects
8.8. Double object pronounsDouble object pronouns
9.9. AdverbsAdverbs
10.10. SubjunctiveSubjunctive
11.11. Se impersonal Se impersonal
12.12. Progressive with ir, andar, seguirProgressive with ir, andar, seguir
PreteritePreteriteThe preterite tells us specifically when an action took place.
Preterite IrregularsPreterite Irregulars
ser ir dar hacer
fui fui di hice
fuiste fuiste diste hiciste
fue fue dio hizo
fuimos fuimos dimos hicimos
fuisteis fuisteis disteis hicisteis
fueron fueron dieron hicieron
Imperfect Imperfect The imperfect tells us in general when an action took place.
Imperfect IrregularsImperfect Irregulars
ser ir ver
era iba veía
eras ibas veías
era iba veía
éramos íbamos veíamos
erais ibais veíais
eran iban veían
FutureFuture The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen:The future tense is used to tell what "will" happen, or what "shall" happen:
Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following Regular verbs in the future tense are conjugated by adding the following endings to the infinitive form of the verb:endings to the infinitive form of the verb:
-é-é
-ás-ás
-á-á
-emos-emos
-éis-éis
-án-án
Future IrregularsFuture Irregulars
DecirDecir Dir_Dir_ HacerHacer Har_Har_ PonerPoner Pondr_Pondr_ SalirSalir Saldr_Saldr_ TenerTener Tendr_Tendr_ ValerValer Vendr_Vendr_ PoderPoder Podr_Podr_ QuererQuerer Querr_Querr_ SaberSaber Sabr_Sabr_
ConditionalConditional The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or The conditional is used to express probability, possibility, wonder or
conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or conjecture, and is usually translated as would, could, must have or probably.probably.
To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one To conjugate regular -ar, -er and -ir verbs in the conditional, simply add one of the following to the infintive:of the following to the infintive:
íaíaíasíasíaíaíamosíamosíaisíaisíanían
hablar comer vivir
hablaría comería viviría
hablarías comerías vivirías
hablaría comería viviría
hablaríamos comeríamos viviríamos
hablaríais comeríais viviríais
hablarían comerían vivirían
Conditional IrregularsConditional Irregulars
DecirDecir Dir_Dir_ HacerHacer Har_Har_ PonerPoner Pondr_Pondr_ SalirSalir Saldr_Saldr_ TenerTener Tendr_Tendr_ ValerValer Vendr_Vendr_ PoderPoder Podr_Podr_ QuererQuerer Querr_Querr_ SaberSaber Sabr_Sabr_
PorPor Rules:Rules:
1.1. to express gratitude or apologyto express gratitude or apology
2.2. for multiplication and divisionfor multiplication and division
3.3. meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of“meaning "through," "along," "by" or "in the area of“
4.4. when talking about exchange, including saleswhen talking about exchange, including sales
5.5. to express a length of timeto express a length of time
6.6. for means of communication or transportationfor means of communication or transportation
7.7. to express cause or reasonto express cause or reason
ParaPara Rules:Rules:
1.1. to indicate destinationto indicate destination
2.2. to show the use or purpose of a thingto show the use or purpose of a thing
3.3. to indicate a recipientto indicate a recipient
4.4. to express a deadline or specific timeto express a deadline or specific time
Por vs. ParaPor vs. Para
"Por" and "para" have a variety of meanings, and they "Por" and "para" have a variety of meanings, and they are often confused because they can each be translated are often confused because they can each be translated as "for.“as "for.“
CommandsCommands
DOP + IOP + ‘se’ can attach to an affirmative
DOP + IOP + ‘se’ must go before the negative command
NEGATIVE
AFIRMATIVE
NOSOTROS
Tú- simply drop the ‘s’
Los irregulares-Di, haz, ve, pon, sal, sé, ten, ven
Ud./Uds.- put it in ’yo’ form and change to
opposite vowel
Los irregulares- TVDISHES
Los irregulares- TVDISHESLos irregulares- TVDISHES
Tú- put it in ‘yo’ form and change to opposite vowel, add an ‘s’
Ud./Uds.- put it in ’yo’ form and change to
opposite vowel
Present PerfectsPresent Perfects the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the the present perfect tense is formed by using the present tense of the
auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.auxiliary verb "haber" with the past participle.
the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and the past participle is formed by dropping the infinitive ending and adding either -ado or -ido.adding either -ado or -ido. For example: He comido For example: He comido I have eaten I have eaten
he
has
ha
hemos
habéis
han
Double Object PronounDouble Object PronounDO Pronouns IO Pronouns English Equivalent
me me me
te te you (familiar)
lo, la le him, her, it, you (formal)
nos nos us
os os you-all (familiar)
los, las les them, you-all (formal)
• When you have both a direct object pronoun and an indirect object pronoun in the same sentence, the indirect object pronoun comes first.
• For example: Ellos me los dan.They give them to me.IO pronoun: meDO pronoun: los
AdverbsAdverbs
Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding Most Spanish adverbs are formed by adding -mente-mente to to the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending the feminine singular form of the adjective. This ending corresponds to corresponds to -ly-ly in English. in English.
Adjective Fem. Form Adverb
claro clara claramente
constante constante constantemente
difícil difícil difícilmente
AdverbsAdverbs
Some adverbs do not follow any pattern of origination, Some adverbs do not follow any pattern of origination, and must simply be memorized. Here is a list of some and must simply be memorized. Here is a list of some common ones:common ones: BastanteBastante QuiteQuite DemasiadoDemasiado Too Too MalMal Badly Badly MuchoMucho A lot A lot MuyMuy Very Very NuncaNunca Never Never PeorPeor Worse Worse PocoPoco Little Little SiempreSiempre Always Always
SubjunctiveSubjunctive
1. Start with the yo form of the present indicative.
2. Then drop the -o ending.
3. Finally, add the following endings:
Subjunctive IrregularsSubjunctive IrregularsDar:
dédesdé
demosdeisden
Estar:estéestésesté
estemosestéisestén
Haber:hayahayashaya
hayamoshayáishayan
Saber:sepasepassepa
sepamossepáissepan
Ser:seaseassea
seamosseáissean
Ir:vayavayasvaya
vayamosvayáisvayan
‘‘Se’ ImpersonalSe’ Impersonal
You will use the impersonal ‘se’ when the person doing You will use the impersonal ‘se’ when the person doing the action of the verb is not specified. the action of the verb is not specified.
The impersonal "se" is used with a third person singular The impersonal "se" is used with a third person singular verb to express the impersonal English subjects, one, verb to express the impersonal English subjects, one, you, people, or they.you, people, or they.
‘Se’
3rd person singular
Progressive With Ir, Andar, SeguirProgressive With Ir, Andar, Seguir
Present Participle
-ando
-iendo
-yendo