![Page 1: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Grammar of Graphics:
Visualizing Data Leslie McIntosh
Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup February 2013 – St. Louis, MO
![Page 2: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Overview • Problem • Grammar of Graphics – Leland Wilkenson
o Syntax o Semantics
• Ggplot – Hadley Wickham • Example - Leslie • Example - Divya • Q&A
![Page 3: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Background & Perspective
![Page 4: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
How do you obtain data?
![Page 5: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
How do you get meaningful information
from data?
![Page 6: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Where is visualization in the data process cycle?
![Page 7: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
![Page 8: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
![Page 9: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What is a statistical graphic?
Leland Wilkinson: The Grammar of Graphics 2nd Edition
![Page 10: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Premises • Pipeline does not mandate implementation of
system
• Cannot change the order of the pipeline
![Page 11: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Syntax
![Page 12: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Step 1: Extract data from source
to create variables
Variables
![Page 13: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Step 2: Apply algebra to varset
Algebra
![Page 14: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Step 3: Apply scales to varset
Scales
![Page 15: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Step 4: Compute statistics
on varset
Statistics
![Page 16: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Step 5: Construct geometry to
produce graph
Geometry
![Page 17: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Step 6: Apply coordinates to graph
Coordinates
![Page 18: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Step 7: Compute aesthetics to
create graphic
Aesthetics
![Page 19: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Aesthetic AQributes Form Surface Motion Sound Text Position Size Shape • Polygon • Glyph • Image Rotation Resolution
Color • Hue • Brightness • Saturation Texture • PaQern • Granularity • Orientation Blur Transparency
Direction Speed Acceleration
Tone Volume Rhythm Voice
Label
![Page 20: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Semantics
![Page 21: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Space • Two spaces to make a graphic
o The underlying space o Display space
![Page 22: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Time • Time is ordered • Time is continuous • Time zones are discrete • Time intervals are additive • Time is cyclical • Time is independent of location (perceived)
![Page 23: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Uncertainty • Variability • Noise • Incompleteness • Indeterminacy • Bias • Error • Accuracy • Precision • Reliability • Validity • Quality • Integrity
Graphic: Hadley Wickham docs.ggplot2.org
![Page 24: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Analysis
!
Graphic: Leslie McIntosh
![Page 25: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Control & Automation • Divya’s example
![Page 26: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Tools of Data Visualization
• R o ggplot2 - Hadley Wickham o Shiny
• SPSS o Leland Wilkinson et al
• SAS • D3 • GGobi
![Page 27: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
ggplot2 Properties • Data • Scales • Stats • Geoms • Coordinates • Faceting • Themes
![Page 28: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Scaling • Controls the mapping between data and
aesthetics • Can be mapped to a variable or be constant • Examples
o Legend o Colour-gradient o Shape
![Page 29: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Geoms • Determine the type of plot • Examples
o Area o Bars o Boxplot o Histogram o Raster o Ribbon
![Page 30: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Aesthetics • Can be mapped to a variable or be constant
![Page 31: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Examples
![Page 32: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Grammar of Graphics and ggplot describe rules and give a tool,
but not how to decide to properly represent data
![Page 33: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Perinatal/Infant Mortality Rates of Delayed-‐‑Delivered Second Twin
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
Gestational Age (Weeks)
Delay 61% 37% 18% 7%
No Delay 74% 37% 9% 4%
18-23 24-26 27-29 30+
![Page 34: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
It is easy to deceive with poor visualizations, it is more difficult to portray the truth without them.
![Page 35: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Incremental changes in aesthetics should reflect and be perceived as proportional and/or
meaningful changes in data
![Page 36: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Example
![Page 37: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Communication Network
![Page 38: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Insurance Map
![Page 39: Grammarof Graphics: VisualizingDatadataschemata.com/uploads/7/4/8/7/7487334/grammar_of_graphics.… · Graphics: VisualizingData Leslie McIntosh Machine Learning & Data Science Meetup](https://reader030.vdocuments.site/reader030/viewer/2022041020/5ecf2b7446d8c540014e280f/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Final Comments