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GO131:International Relations
Professor Walter HatchColby College
World War I
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“The Great War”
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“A war to end all wars”
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World War One: Basic Facts
A monumental event of heavy artillery and trench fighting37.5 million casualties (15 million soldiers killed)Chemical weapons (poison gas) deployedFour empires destroyed
GermanAustria-HungarianRussianOttoman
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How did it happen?
Balance of power (realism)
Domestic conflict (liberalism)
Rise of nationalism (constructivism)
Rise of imperalism (Marxism)
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Background:German Industrialization
Krupp Plant
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Background: German Unification
War with Denmark (1864)
War with Austria (1866)
War with France (1870-1)
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Bismarck’s Revived Concert(1870-1890)
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Germany Outflanked
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Alliances Become Less Flexible
Triple Alliance (1882)Germany
Austria-Hungry
Italy
Triple EntenteFrance and Russia (1893)
Britain and France (1904)
Britain and Russia (1907)
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Kaiser Wilhelm II:Moroccan Crises
Crisis One (1905-6)German opposition to French claims
Crisis Two (1911)Gunboat diplomacy
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Austria-Hungary’s Franz Josef:The Bosnian Crisis (1908)
Young Turks come to power
Bulgaria claims independence
Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina
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Balkan Crises
First war (1912): Serbia, Bulgaria, and Greece against Turkey
Second war (1913) Serbia, Greece, and Romania against Bulgaria
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Igniting the Conflict
June 28, 1914
Serbian nationalist (terrorist) assassinates Austrian Archduke Ferdinand and his wife in Sarajevo
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Europe on the Eve of WWI
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Sequence of Events
July 23: Austria-Hungary secures German support, sends ultimatum to SerbiaJuly 25: Serbia secures Russian support, rejects ultimatumJuly 26: Germany and Austria reject British call for international conferenceJuly 29: Austria attacks Serbia; Russian troops mobilize against Austria
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Nicholas II inspects Russian troops
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Sequence of Events (cont.)
July 31: Germany demands Russian demobilizationAugust 1: Germany declares war on Russia; British and French troops mobilize as Germany invades LuxembourgAugust 3: Germany declares war on FranceAugust 4: Britain declares war on Germany as German troops march into Belgium
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Kaiser Wilhelm inspects the troops
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Belgians retreat into Holland
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Germany’s Schlieffen Plan
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Stalemate
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German trench
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German artillery battered
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RAF (British) aviators
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Downed German Zeppelin
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Battles of Verdun and Somme (1916)
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Somme, France
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U.S. Enters the War (1917)
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Competing explanations
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Realism: Balance of Power
Classical Realists: State leaders locked themselves into inflexible alliances
Neo-Realists: Germany’s rise upset the existing balance of power
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Realism: Balance of Threat
Stephen Walt: Perceptions (not merely resources) matter
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Liberalism: Domestic Politics
Domestic conflict in Germany and UK
Germany: class divisions lead “iron and rye coalition” to launch “social imperialism”
UK: divisions with Liberal Party led to waffling
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Constructivism: Nationalism
Pan-Slavism challenged two empires
Anti-Slavic sentiment in Germany
Stronger than family ties
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Marxism-Leninism: Imperialism
Monopoly capitalism
Imperalism: Competing for overseas territories
Problems with this explanation