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2.3Example:creatingamodelofanoverheadhoist
Thisexampleofanoverheadhoist,showninFigure25,leadsyouthroughtheAbaqus/CAEmodelingprocessbyusingtheModelTreeandshowingyouthebasicstepsusedtocreateandanalyzeasimplemodel.Thehoistisasimple,pinjointedtrussmodelthatisconstrainedattheleftendandmountedonrollersattherightend.Thememberscanrotatefreelyatthejoints.Theframeispreventedfrommovingoutofplane.AsimulationisfirstperformedinAbaqus/Standardtodeterminethestructure'sstaticdeflectionandthepeakstressinitsmemberswhena10kNloadisappliedasshowninFigure25.ThesimulationisperformedasecondtimeinAbaqus/Explicitundertheassumptionthattheloadisappliedsuddenlytostudythedynamicresponseoftheframe.
Figure25Schematicofanoverheadhoist.
Fortheoverheadhoistexample,youwillperformthefollowingtasks:
Sketchthetwodimensionalgeometryandcreateapartrepresentingtheframe.
Definethematerialpropertiesandsectionpropertiesoftheframe.
Assemblethemodel.
Configuretheanalysisprocedureandoutputrequests.
Applyloadsandboundaryconditionstotheframe.
Meshtheframe.
Createajobandsubmititforanalysis.
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Viewtheresultsoftheanalysis.
Abaqusprovidesscriptsthatreplicatethecompleteanalysismodelforthisproblem.Runoneofthesescriptsifyouencounterdifficultiesfollowingtheinstructionsgivenbeloworifyouwishtocheckyourwork.Scriptsareavailableinthefollowinglocations:
APythonscriptforthisexampleisprovidedinOverheadhoistframe,SectionA.1.InstructionsonhowtofetchthescriptandrunitwithinAbaqus/CAEaregiveninAppendixA,ExampleFiles.
ApluginscriptforthisexampleisavailableintheAbaqus/CAEPlugintoolset.TorunthescriptfromAbaqus/CAE,selectPlugins Abaqus GettingStartedhighlightOverheadhoistframeandclickRun.FormoreinformationabouttheGettingStartedplugins,seeRunningtheGettingStartedwithAbaqusexamples,Section82.1oftheAbaqus/CAEUser'sGuide.
Asnotedearlier,itisassumedthatyouwillbeusingAbaqus/CAEtogeneratethemodel.However,ifyoudonothaveaccesstoAbaqus/CAEoranotherpreprocessor,theinputfilethatdefinesthisproblemcanbecreatedmanually,asdiscussedinExample:creatingamodelofanoverheadhoist,Section2.3ofGettingStartedwithAbaqus:KeywordsEdition.
2.3.1Units
Beforestartingtodefinethisoranymodel,youneedtodecidewhichsystemofunitsyouwilluse.Abaqushasnobuiltinsystemofunits.DonotincludeunitnamesorlabelswhenenteringdatainAbaqus.Allinputdatamustbespecifiedinconsistentunits.SomecommonsystemsofconsistentunitsareshowninTable21.
Table21Consistentunits.
Quantity SI SI(mm) USUnit(ft) USUnit(inch)Length m mm ft inForce N N lbf lbfMass kg tonne(103kg) slug lbfs2/in
Time s s s sStress Pa(N/m2) MPa(N/mm2) lbf/ft2 psi(lbf/in2)
Energy J mJ(103J) ftlbf inlbf
Density kg/m3 tonne/mm3 slug/ft3 lbfs2/in4
TheSIsystemofunitsisusedthroughoutthisguide.UsersworkinginthesystemslabeledUSUnitshouldbecarefulwiththeunitsofdensityoftenthedensitiesgiveninhandbooksofmaterialpropertiesaremultipliedbytheaccelerationduetogravity.
2.3.2Creatingapart
Partsdefinethegeometryoftheindividualcomponentsofyourmodeland,therefore,arethebuildingblocksofanAbaqus/CAEmodel.YoucancreatepartsthatarenativetoAbaqus/CAE,oryoucanimportpartscreatedbyotherapplicationseitherasageometricrepresentationorasafiniteelementmesh.
Youwillstarttheoverheadhoistproblembycreatingatwodimensional,deformablewirepart.Youdothisbysketchingthegeometryoftheframe.Abaqus/CAEautomaticallyenterstheSketcherwhenyoucreateapart.
Abaqus/CAEoftendisplaysashortmessageinthepromptareaindicatingwhatyoushoulddonext,asshowninFigure26.
Figure26Messagesandinstructionsaredisplayedinthepromptarea.
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ClicktheCancelbuttontocancelthecurrenttask.ClickthePreviousbuttontocancelthecurrentstepinthetaskandreturntothepreviousstep.
Tocreatetheoverheadhoistframe:
1. IfyoudidnotalreadystartAbaqus/CAE,typeabaquscae,whereabaqusisthecommandusedtorunAbaqus.
2. FromtheCreateModelDatabaseoptionsintheStartSessiondialogboxthatappears,selectWithStandard/ExplicitModel.
Abaqus/CAEentersthePartmodule.TheModelTreeappearsintheleftsideofthemainwindow(underneaththeModeltab).BetweentheModelTreeandthecanvasisthePartmoduletoolbox.Atoolboxcontainsasetoficonsthatallowexpertuserstobypassthemenusinthemainmenubar.Formanytools,asyouselectanitemfromthemainmenubarortheModelTree,thecorrespondingtoolishighlightedinthemoduletoolboxsoyoucanlearnitslocation.
3. IntheModelTree,doubleclickthePartscontainertocreateanewpart.
TheCreatePartdialogboxappears.Abaqus/CAEalsodisplaystextinthepromptareanearthebottomofthewindowtoguideyouthroughtheprocedure.
YouusetheCreatePartdialogboxtonametheparttochooseitsmodelingspace,type,andbasefeatureandtosettheapproximatesize.Youcaneditandrenameapartafteryoucreateityoucanalsochangeitsmodelingspaceandtypebutnotitsbasefeature.
4. NamethepartFrame.Chooseatwodimensionalplanardeformablebodyandawirebasefeature.
5. IntheApproximatesizetextfield,type4.0.
ThevalueenteredintheApproximatesizetextfieldatthebottomofthedialogboxsetstheapproximatesizeofthenewpart.ThesizethatyouenterisusedbyAbaqus/CAEtocalculatethesizeoftheSketchersheetandthespacingofitsgrid.Youshouldchoosethisvaluetobeontheorderofthelargestdimensionofyourfinishedpart.RecallthatAbaqus/CAEdoesnotusespecificunits,buttheunitsmustbeconsistentthroughoutthemodel.InthismodelSIunitswillbeused.
6. ClickContinuetoexittheCreatePartdialogbox.
Abaqus/CAEautomaticallyenterstheSketcher.TheSketchertoolboxappearsintheleftsideofthemainwindow,andtheSketchergridappearsintheviewport.TheSketchercontainsasetofbasictoolsthatallowyoutosketchthetwodimensionalprofileofyourpart.Abaqus/CAEenterstheSketcherwheneveryoucreateoreditapart.Tofinishusinganytool,clickmousebutton2intheviewportorselectanewtool.
Tip:LikealltoolsinAbaqus/CAE,ifyousimplypositionthecursoroveratoolintheSketchertoolboxforashorttime,asmallwindowappearsthatgivesabriefdescriptionofthetool.Whenyouselectatool,awhitebackgroundappearsonit.
ThefollowingaspectsoftheSketcherhelpyousketchthedesiredgeometry:
TheSketchergridhelpsyoupositionthecursorandalignobjectsintheviewport.
DashedlinesindicatetheXandYaxesofthesketchandintersectattheoriginofthesketch.
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Atriadinthelowerleftcorneroftheviewportindicatestherelationshipbetweenthesketchplaneandtheorientationofthepart.
Whenyouselectasketchingtool,Abaqus/CAEdisplaystheXandYcoordinatesofthecursorintheupperleftcorneroftheviewport.
7. Youwillfirstsketcharoughapproximationoftheframeandlateruseconstraintsanddimensionstorefinethe
sketch.BeginbyusingtheCreateLines:Rectangletool locatedintheupperrightregionoftheSketchertoolboxtosketchanarbitraryrectangle.Selectanytwopointsastheoppositecornersoftherectangle.
Clickmousebutton2anywhereintheviewporttoexittherectangletool.
Note:IfyoumakeamistakewhileusingtheSketcher,youcanundoyourlastactionusingthe
Undotool ordeleteindividualentitiesofyoursketchusingtheDeletetool .
8. TheSketcherautomaticallyaddsconstraintstothesketchasindicatedinFigure27(inthiscase,thefourcornersoftherectangleareassignedperpendicularconstraintsandoneedgeisdesignatedashorizontal).
Figure27ConstraintsindicatedintheSketcher.
Toproceed,theperpendicularconstraintsmustbedeleted.IntheSketchertoolbox,selecttheDeletetool andthendothefollowing:
a. Inthepromptarea,selectConstraintsasthescopeoftheoperation.
b. Using[Shift]+Click,selectthefourperpendicularconstraints.
c. ClickDoneinthepromptarea.
9. Youwillnowaddadditionalconstraintsanddimensionstorefinethesketch.Constraintsanddimensionsallowyoutocontrolyoursketchgeometryandaddprecision.Formoreinformationonconstraintsanddimensions,seeControllingsketchgeometry,Section20.7oftheAbaqus/CAEUser'sGuide.
a. UsetheAddConstrainttool toconstrainthetopandbottomedgessotheyremainparalleltoeachother:
i. IntheAddConstraintdialogbox,selectParallel.
ii. Intheviewport,selectthetopandbottomedgesofthesketch(using[Shift]+Click).
iii. ClickDoneinthepromptarea.
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b. UsetheAddDimensiontool todimensionthetopandbottomedgesoftherectangle.Thetopedgeshouldhaveahorizontaldimensionof1mandthebottomedgeahorizontaldimensionof2m.Whendimensioningeachedge,simplyselecttheline,clickmousebutton1topositionthedimensiontext,andthenenterthenewdimensioninthepromptarea.Selectingthelineratherthanitsendpointsconstrainsthelengthofthelineregardlessofitsorientationinspace(ineffect,defininganobliquedimension).
ResettheviewasneededusingtheAutoFitViewtool intheViewManipulationtoolbartoseetheupdatedsketch.
c. Dimensiontheleftandrightedgessotheyeachhaveanobliquedimensionof1m.
ThesketchinitscurrentstateisshowninFigure28.Inthisfigurethedefaultgridspacinghasbeendoubled.For
informationonusingtheSketcherOptionstool tomodifytheSketcherdisplay,seeCustomizingtheSketcher,Section20.9oftheAbaqus/CAEUser'sGuide.
Figure28Roughsketchofframe(withgridspacingdoubled).
10. Nowsketchtheinterioredgesoftheframe.
a. UsingtheCreateLines:Connectedtool locatedintheupperrightcorneroftheSketchertoolbox,createtwolinesasfollows:
i. Startthefirstlineattheupperleftcornerofthesketchandextendittoanypointthatsnapsontothebottomedge(itshorizontallocationisarbitrary).
ii. Continuethesecondlinetotheupperrightcornerofthesketch.
iii. Clickmousebutton2anywhereintheviewporttoexittheconnectedlinestool.
b. UsingtheSplittool ,splitthebottomedgeatthepointwhereitintersectsthetwolinescreatedabove:
i. Notethesmallblacktrianglesatthebaseofsomeofthetoolboxicons.Thesetrianglesindicatethe
presenceofhiddeniconsthatcanberevealed.ClickandholdtheAutoTrimtool locatedonthemiddlerightoftheSketchertoolboxuntiladditionaliconsappear.
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ii. Fromthesetofadditionalicons,clicktheSplittool .
ThesplittoolappearsintheSketchertoolboxwithawhitebackgroundindicatingthatyouselectedit.
iii. Selectthebottomedgeasthefirstentitytodefinethesplitpoint.
iv. Selecteitherofthetwointeriorlinesasthesecondentity(aredcirclewillappeararoundthesplitpoint).
v. Clickmousebutton2toindicatethatyouhavefinishedusingthesplittool.
c. UsetheAddConstrainttool toconstrainthetwosegmentsofthebottomedgesotheyareofequallength:
i. IntheAddConstraintdialogbox,selectEquallength.
ii. Intheviewport,selectthetwosegmentsofthebottomedge.
iii. ClickDoneinthepromptarea.
11. ThefinalsketchisshowninFigure29.
Figure29Framegeometrysketch.
12. Fromthepromptarea(nearthebottomofthemainwindow),clickDonetoexittheSketcher.
Note:Ifyoudon'tseetheDonebuttoninthepromptarea,continuetoclickmousebutton2intheviewportuntilitappears.
13. Beforeyoucontinue,saveyourmodelinamodeldatabasefile.
a. Fromthemainmenubar,selectFile Save.TheSaveModelDatabaseAsdialogboxappears.
b. TypeanameforthenewmodeldatabaseintheFileNamefield,andclickOK.YoudonotneedtoincludethefileextensionAbaqus/CAEautomaticallyappends.caetothefilename.
Abaqus/CAEstoresthemodeldatabaseinanewfileandreturnstothePartmodule.Thepathandnameofyourmodeldatabaseappearinthemainwindowtitlebar.
Youshouldalwayssaveyourmodeldatabaseatregularintervals(forexample,eachtimeyouswitchmodules)
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Abaqus/CAEdoesnotsaveyourmodeldatabaseautomatically.
2.3.3Creatingamaterial
InthisproblemallthemembersoftheframearemadeofsteelandassumedtobelinearelasticwithYoung'smodulusof200GPaandPoisson'sratioof0.3.Thus,youwillcreateasinglelinearelasticmaterialwiththeseproperties.
Todefineamaterial:
1. IntheModelTree,doubleclicktheMaterialscontainertocreateanewmaterial.
Abaqus/CAEswitchestothePropertymodule,andtheEditMaterialdialogboxappears.
2. NamethematerialSteel.
3. Usethemenubarunderthebrowserareaofthematerialeditortorevealmenuscontainingalltheavailablematerialoptions.Someofthemenuitemscontainsubmenusforexample,Figure210showstheoptionsavailableundertheMechanical Elasticitymenuitem.Whenyouselectamaterialoption,theappropriatedataentryformappearsbelowthemenu.
Figure210SubmenusavailableundertheMechanical Elasticitymenu.
4. Fromthematerialeditor'smenubar,selectMechanical Elasticity Elastic.
Abaqus/CAEdisplaystheElasticdataform.
5. Typeavalueof200.0E9forYoung'smodulusandavalueof0.3forPoisson'sratiointherespectivefields.Use[Tab]ormovethecursortoanewcellandclicktomovebetweencells.
6. ClickOKtoexitthematerialeditor.
2.3.4Definingandassigningsectionproperties
Youdefinethepropertiesofapartthroughsections.Afteryoucreateasection,youcanuseoneofthefollowingtwomethodstoassignthesectiontothepartinthecurrentviewport:
Youcansimplyselecttheregionfromthepartandassignthesectiontotheselectedregion.
YoucanusetheSettoolsettocreateahomogeneoussetcontainingtheregionandassignthesectiontotheset.
Fortheframemodelyouwillcreateasingletrusssectionthatyouwillassigntotheframebyselectingtheframefromtheviewport.ThesectionwillrefertothematerialSteelthatyoujustcreatedaswellasdefinethecrosssectionalarea
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oftheframemembers.
Definingatrusssection
Atrusssectiondefinitionrequiresonlyamaterialreferenceandthecrosssectionalarea.Rememberthattheframemembersarecircularbarsthatare0.005mindiameter.Thus,theircrosssectionalareais1.963105
m2.
Tip:Youcanusethecommandlineinterface(CLI)inAbaqus/CAEasasimplecalculator.Forexample,tocomputethecrosssectionalareaoftheframemembers,clickthe tabinthebottomleftcorneroftheAbaqus/CAEwindowtoactivatetheCLI,typepi*0.005**2/4.0afterthecommandprompt,andpress[Enter].ThevalueofthecrosssectionalareaisprintedintheCLI.
Todefineatrusssection:
1. IntheModelTree,doubleclicktheSectionscontainertocreateasection.
TheCreateSectiondialogboxappears.
2. IntheCreateSectiondialogbox:
a. NamethesectionFrameSection.
b. IntheCategorylist,selectBeam.
c. IntheTypelist,selectTruss.
d. ClickContinue.
TheEditSectiondialogboxappears.
3. IntheEditSectiondialogbox:
a. AcceptthedefaultselectionofSteelfortheMaterialassociatedwiththesection.Ifyouhaddefinedothermaterials,youcouldclickthearrownexttotheMaterialtextboxtoseealistofavailablematerialsandtoselectthematerialofyourchoice.
b. IntheCrosssectionalareafield,enterpi*0.005**2/4.0.
Tip:Ifafieldinadialogboxisexpectingafloatingpointnumber,youcanenteranarithmeticexpressioninstead.TheexpressionisevaluatedbythePythoninterpreterthatisbuiltintoAbaqus/CAE.Thearithmeticexpressionwillbereplacedbyitsvalue.
c. ClickOK.
Assigningthesectiontotheframe
ThesectionFrameSectionmustbeassignedtotheframe.
Toassignthesectiontotheframe:
1. IntheModelTree,expandthebranchforthepartnamedFramebyclickingthe symboltoexpandthePartscontainerandthenclickingthe symboltoexpandtheFrameitem.
2. DoubleclickSectionAssignmentsinthelistofpartattributesthatappears.
Abaqus/CAEdisplayspromptsinthepromptareatoguideyouthroughtheprocedure.
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3. Selecttheentirepartastheregiontowhichthesectionwillbeapplied.
a. Clickandholdmousebutton1attheupperlefthandcorneroftheviewport.
b. Dragthemousetocreateaboxaroundthetruss.
c. Releasemousebutton1.
Abaqus/CAEhighlightstheentireframe.
4. Inthepromptarea,enterallasthenameofthesetthatwillbecreated.
Thissetwillcontaintheselectedregions.Theadvantageofcreatingasetisthatitcanbeusedforotherpurposes.Ifyouprefertonotcreateaset,toggleoffCreatesetinthepromptarea.
5. Clickmousebutton2intheviewportorclickDoneinthepromptareatoaccepttheselectedgeometry.
TheEditSectionAssignmentdialogboxappearscontainingalistofexistingsections.
6. AcceptthedefaultselectionofFrameSection,andclickOK.
Abaqus/CAEassignsthetrusssectiontotheframe,colorstheentireframeaquatoindicatethattheregionhasasectionassignment,andclosestheEditSectionAssignmentdialogbox.
2.3.5Definingtheassembly
Eachpartthatyoucreateisorientedinitsowncoordinatesystemandisindependentoftheotherpartsinthemodel.Althoughamodelmaycontainmanyparts,itcontainsonlyoneassembly.Youdefinethegeometryoftheassemblybycreatinginstancesofapartandthenpositioningtheinstancesrelativetoeachotherinaglobalcoordinatesystem.Aninstancecanbeclassifiedaseitherindependentordependent.Independentpartinstancesaremeshedindividually,whilethemeshofadependentpartinstanceisassociatedwiththemeshoftheoriginalpart.Forfurtherdetails,seeWorkingwithpartinstances,Section13.3oftheAbaqus/CAEUser'sGuide.Bydefault,partinstancesaredependent.
Forthisproblemyouwillcreateasingleinstanceofyouroverheadhoist.Abaqus/CAEpositionstheinstancesothattheoriginofthesketchthatdefinedtheframeoverlaystheoriginoftheassembly'sdefaultcoordinatesystem.
Todefinetheassembly:
1. IntheModelTree,expandtheAssemblycontaineranddoubleclickInstancesinthelistthatappears.
Abaqus/CAEswitchestotheAssemblymodule,andtheCreateInstancedialogboxappears.
2. Inthedialogbox,selectPartstochoosepartsfromthecurrentmodel.
3. SelectFrameandclickOK.
Abaqus/CAEcreatesaninstanceoftheoverheadhoist.Inthisexamplethesingleinstanceoftheframedefinestheassembly.Theframeisdisplayedinthe12planeoftheglobalcoordinatesystem(arighthanded,rectangularCartesiansystem).Atriadinthelowerleftcorneroftheviewportindicatestheorientationofthemodelwithrespecttotheview.Asecondtriadintheviewportindicatestheoriginandorientationoftheglobalcoordinatesystem(X,Y,andZaxes).Theglobal1axisisthehorizontalaxisofthehoist,theglobal2axisistheverticalaxis,andtheglobal3axisisnormaltotheplaneoftheframework.FortwodimensionalproblemssuchasthisoneAbaqusrequiresthatthemodellieinaplaneparalleltotheglobal12plane.
2.3.6Configuringyouranalysis
Nowthatyouhavecreatedyourassembly,youcanconfigureyouranalysis.Inthissimulationweareinterestedinthestaticresponseoftheoverheadhoisttoa10kNloadappliedatthemidspan,withthelefthandendfullyconstrainedand
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arollerconstraintontherighthandend(seeFigure25).Thisisasingleevent,soonlyasingleanalysisstepisneededforthesimulation.Thus,themodelwillconsistoftwostepsoverall:
Aninitialstep,inwhichyouwillapplyboundaryconditionsthatconstraintheendsoftheframe.
Ananalysisstep,inwhichyouwillapplyaconcentratedloadatthemidspanoftheframe.
Abaqus/CAEgeneratestheinitialstepautomatically,butyoumustcreatetheanalysisstepyourself.Youmayalsorequestoutputforanystepsintheanalysis.
TherearetwokindsofanalysisstepsinAbaqus:generalanalysissteps,whichcanbeusedtoanalyzelinearornonlinearresponse,andlinearperturbationsteps,whichcanbeusedonlytoanalyzelinearproblems.OnlygeneralanalysisstepsareavailableinAbaqus/Explicit.Forthissimulationyouwilldefineastaticlinearperturbationstep.PerturbationproceduresarediscussedfurtherinChapter11,MultipleStepAnalysis.
Creatingananalysisstep
Createastatic,linearperturbationstepthatfollowstheinitialstepoftheanalysis.
Tocreateastaticlinearperturbationanalysisstep:
1. IntheModelTree,doubleclicktheStepscontainertocreateastep.
Abaqus/CAEswitchestotheStepmodule,andtheCreateStepdialogboxappears.AlistofallthegeneralproceduresandadefaultstepnameofStep1isprovided.
2. ChangethestepnametoApplyload.
3. SelectLinearperturbationastheProceduretype.
4. FromthelistofavailablelinearperturbationproceduresintheCreateStepdialogbox,selectStatic,LinearperturbationandclickContinue.
TheEditStepdialogboxappearswiththedefaultsettingsforastaticlinearperturbationstep.
5. TheBasictabisselectedbydefault.IntheDescriptionfield,type10kNcentralload.
6. ClicktheOthertabtoseeitscontentsyoucanacceptthedefaultvaluesprovidedforthestep.
7. ClickOKtocreatethestepandtoexittheEditStepdialogbox.
Requestingdataoutput
Finiteelementanalysescancreateverylargeamountsofoutput.Abaqusallowsyoutocontrolandmanagethisoutputsothatonlydatarequiredtointerprettheresultsofyoursimulationareproduced.FourtypesofoutputareavailablefromanAbaqusanalysis:
ResultsstoredinaneutralbinaryfileusedbyAbaqus/CAEforpostprocessing.ThisfileiscalledtheAbaqusoutputdatabasefileandhastheextension.odb.
Printedtablesofresults,writtentotheAbaqusdata(.dat)file.OutputtothedatafileisavailableonlyinAbaqus/Standard.
Restartdatausedtocontinuetheanalysis,writtentotheAbaqusrestart(.res)file.
Resultsstoredinbinaryfilesforsubsequentpostprocessingwiththirdpartysoftware,writtentotheAbaqusresults(.fil)file.
Youwilluseonlythefirstoftheseintheoverheadhoistsimulation.
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Bydefault,Abaqus/CAEwritestheresultsoftheanalysistotheoutputdatabase(.odb)file.Whenyoucreateastep,Abaqus/CAEgeneratesadefaultoutputrequestforthestep.AlistofthepreselectedvariableswrittenbydefaulttotheoutputdatabaseisgivenintheAbaqusAnalysisUser'sGuide.Youdonotneedtodoanythingtoacceptthesedefaults.YouusetheFieldOutputRequestsManagertorequestoutputofvariablesthatshouldbewrittenatrelativelylowfrequenciestotheoutputdatabasefromtheentiremodelorfromalargeportionofthemodel.YouusetheHistoryOutputRequestsManagertorequestoutputofvariablesthatshouldbewrittentotheoutputdatabaseatahighfrequencyfromasmallportionofthemodelforexample,thedisplacementofasinglenode.
Forthisexampleyouwillexaminetheoutputrequeststothe.odbfileandacceptthedefaultconfiguration.
Toexamineyouroutputrequeststothe.odbfile:
1. IntheModelTree,clickmousebutton3ontheFieldOutputRequestscontainerandselectManagerfromthemenuthatappears.
Abaqus/CAEdisplaystheFieldOutputRequestsManager.Thismanagerdisplaysthestatusoffieldoutputrequestsinatableformat.Theleftsideofthetablehasanalphabeticallistofexistingoutputrequests.Thetopofthetableliststhenamesofallthestepsintheanalysisintheorderofexecution.Eachcellofthetabledisplaysthestatusofeachoutputrequestineachstep.
YoucanusetheFieldOutputRequestsManagertodothefollowing:
SelectthevariablesthatAbaquswillwritetotheoutputdatabase.
SelectthesectionpointsforwhichAbaquswillgenerateoutputdata.
SelecttheregionofthemodelforwhichAbaquswillgenerateoutputdata.
ChangethefrequencyatwhichAbaquswillwritedatatotheoutputdatabase.
2. ReviewthedefaultoutputrequestthatAbaqus/CAEgeneratesfortheStatic,LinearperturbationstepyoucreatedandnamedApplyload.
SelectthecellinthetablelabeledCreatedifitisnotalreadyselected.Thefollowinginformationrelatedtothecellisshowninthelegendatthebottomofthemanager:
Thetypeofanalysisprocedurecarriedoutinthestepinthatcolumn.
Thelistofoutputrequestvariables.
Theoutputrequeststatus.
3. OntherightsideoftheFieldOutputRequestsManager,clickEdittoviewmoredetailedinformationabouttheoutputrequest.
Thefieldoutputeditorappears.IntheOutputVariablesregionofthisdialogbox,thereisatextboxthatlistsallvariablesthatwillbeoutput.Ifyouchangeanoutputrequest,youcanalwaysreturntothedefaultsettingsbychoosingPreselecteddefaultsabovethetextbox.
4. Clickthearrowsnexttoeachoutputvariablecategorytoseeexactlywhichvariableswillbeoutput.Theboxesnexttoeachcategorytitleallowyoutoseeataglancewhetherallvariablesinthatcategorywillbeoutput.Ablackcheckmarkindicatesthatallvariablesareoutput,whileagraycheckmarkindicatesthatonlysomevariableswillbeoutput.
Basedontheselectionsshownatthebottomofthedialogbox,datawillbegeneratedateverydefaultsectionpointinthemodelandwillbewrittentotheoutputdatabaseaftereveryincrementduringtheanalysis.
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5. ClickCanceltoclosethefieldoutputeditor,sinceyoudonotwishtomakeanychangestothedefaultoutputrequests.
6. ClickDismisstoclosetheFieldOutputRequestsManager.
Note:WhatisthedifferencebetweentheDismissandCancelbuttons?Dismissbuttonsappearindialogboxesthatcontaindatathatyoucannotmodify.Forexample,theFieldOutputRequestsManagerallowsyoutoviewoutputrequests,butyoumustusethefieldoutputeditortomodifythoserequests.ClickingtheDismissbuttonsimplyclosestheFieldOutputRequestsManager.Conversely,Cancelbuttonsappearindialogboxesthatallowyoutomakechanges.ClickingCancelclosesthedialogboxwithoutsavingyourchanges.
7. ReviewthehistoryoutputrequestsinasimilarmannerbyrightclickingtheHistoryOutputRequestscontainerintheModelTreeandopeningthehistoryoutputeditor.
2.3.7Applyingboundaryconditionsandloadstothemodel
Prescribedconditions,suchasloadsandboundaryconditions,arestepdependent,whichmeansthatyoumustspecifythesteporstepsinwhichtheybecomeactive.Nowthatyouhavedefinedthestepsintheanalysis,youcandefineprescribedconditions.
Applyingboundaryconditionstotheframe
Instructuralanalyses,boundaryconditionsareappliedtothoseregionsofthemodelwherethedisplacementsand/orrotationsareknown.Suchregionsmaybeconstrainedtoremainfixed(havezerodisplacementand/orrotation)duringthesimulationormayhavespecified,nonzerodisplacementsand/orrotations.
Inthismodelthebottomleftportionoftheframeisconstrainedcompletelyand,thus,cannotmoveinanydirection.Thebottomrightportionoftheframe,however,isfixedintheverticaldirectionbutisfreetomoveinthehorizontaldirection.Thedirectionsinwhichmotionispossiblearecalleddegreesoffreedom(dof).
ThelabelingconventionusedforthedisplacementandrotationaldegreesoffreedominAbaqusisshowninFigure211.
Figure211Displacementandrotationaldegreesoffreedom.
Toapplyboundaryconditionstotheframe:
1. IntheModelTree,doubleclicktheBCscontainer.
Abaqus/CAEswitchestotheLoadmodule,andtheCreateBoundaryConditiondialogboxappears.
2. IntheCreateBoundaryConditiondialogbox:
a. NametheboundaryconditionFixed.
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b. Fromthelistofsteps,selectInitialasthestepinwhichtheboundaryconditionwillbeactivated.AllthemechanicalboundaryconditionsspecifiedintheInitialstepmusthavezeromagnitudes.ThisconditionisenforcedautomaticallybyAbaqus/CAE.
c. IntheCategorylist,acceptMechanicalasthedefaultcategoryselection.
d. IntheTypesforSelectedSteplist,selectDisplacement/Rotation,andclickContinue.
Abaqus/CAEdisplayspromptsinthepromptareatoguideyouthroughtheprocedure.Forexample,youareaskedtoselecttheregiontowhichtheboundaryconditionwillbeapplied.
Toapplyaprescribedconditiontoaregion,youcaneitherselecttheregiondirectlyintheviewportorapplytheconditiontoanexistingset(asetisanamedregionofamodel).Setsareaconvenienttoolthatcanbeusedtomanagelargecomplicatedmodels.Inthissimplemodelyouwillnotmakeuseofsets.
3. Intheviewport,selectthevertexatthebottomleftcorneroftheframeastheregiontowhichtheboundaryconditionwillbeapplied.Nametheassociatedsetleft.
4. Clickmousebutton2intheviewportorclickDoneinthepromptareatoindicatethatyouhavefinishedselectingregions.
TheEditBoundaryConditiondialogboxappears.Whenyouaredefiningaboundaryconditionintheinitialstep,allavailabledegreesoffreedomareunconstrainedbydefault.
5. Inthedialogbox:
a. ToggleonU1andU2sincealltranslationaldegreesoffreedomneedtobeconstrained.
b. ClickOKtocreatetheboundaryconditionandtoclosethedialogbox.
Abaqus/CAEdisplaystwoarrowheadsatthevertextoindicatetheconstraineddegreesoffreedom.
6. RepeattheaboveproceduretoconstraindegreeoffreedomU2atthevertexatthebottomrightcorneroftheframe.NamethisboundaryconditionRollerandtheassociatedsetright.
7. IntheModelTree,clickmousebutton3ontheBCscontainerandselectManagerfromthemenuthatappears.
Abaqus/CAEdisplaystheBoundaryConditionManager.ThemanagerindicatesthattheboundaryconditionsareCreated(activated)intheinitialstepandarePropagatedfrombasestate(continuetobeactive)intheanalysisstepApplyload.
Tip:Toviewthetitleofacolumninitsentirety,expanditswidthbydraggingthedividinglinebetweenthecolumnheadings.
8. ClickDismisstoclosetheBoundaryConditionManager.
Inthisexamplealltheconstraintsareintheglobal1or2directions.Inmanycasesconstraintsarerequiredindirectionsthatarenotalignedwiththeglobaldirections.Insuchcasesyoucandefinealocalcoordinatesystemforboundaryconditionapplication.TheskewplateexampleinChapter5,UsingShellElements,demonstrateshowtodothis.
Applyingaloadtotheframe
Nowthatyouhaveconstrainedtheframe,youcanapplyaloadtothebottomoftheframe.InAbaqusthetermload(asintheLoadmoduleinAbaqus/CAE)generallyreferstoanythingthatinducesachangeintheresponseofastructurefromitsinitialstate,including:
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concentratedforces,
pressures,
nonzeroboundaryconditions,
bodyloads,and
temperature(withthermalexpansionofthematerialdefined).
Sometimesthetermloadisusedtoreferspecificallytoforcetypequantities(asintheLoadManageroftheLoadmodule)forexample,concentratedforces,pressures,andbodyloadsbutnotboundaryconditionsortemperature.Theintendedmeaningofthetermshouldbeclearfromthecontextofthediscussion.
Inthissimulationaconcentratedforceof10kNisappliedinthenegative2directiontothemidspanoftheframetheloadisappliedduringthelinearperturbationstepyoucreatedearlier.Inrealitythereisnosuchthingasaconcentrated,orpoint,loadtheloadwillalwaysbeappliedoversomefinitearea.However,iftheareabeingloadedissmall,itisanappropriateidealizationtotreattheloadasaconcentratedload.
Toapplyaconcentratedforcetotheframe:
1. IntheModelTree,clickmousebutton3ontheLoadscontainerandselectManagerfromthemenuthatappears.
TheLoadManagerappears.
2. AtthebottomoftheLoadManager,clickCreate.
TheCreateLoaddialogboxappears.
3. IntheCreateLoaddialogbox:
a. NametheloadForce.
b. Fromthelistofsteps,selectApplyloadasthestepinwhichtheloadwillbeapplied.
c. IntheCategorylist,acceptMechanicalasthedefaultcategoryselection.
d. IntheTypesforSelectedSteplist,acceptthedefaultselectionofConcentratedforce.
e. ClickContinue.
Abaqus/CAEdisplayspromptsinthepromptareatoguideyouthroughtheprocedure.Youareaskedtoselectaregiontowhichtheloadwillbeapplied.
Aswithboundaryconditions,theregiontowhichtheloadwillbeappliedcanbeselectedeitherdirectlyintheviewportorfromalistofexistingsets.Asbefore,youwillselecttheregiondirectlyintheviewport.
4. Intheviewport,selectthevertexatthebottomcenteroftheframeastheregionwheretheloadwillbeapplied.Nametheassociatedsetcenter.
5. Clickmousebutton2intheviewportorclickDoneinthepromptareatoindicatethatyouhavefinishedselectingregions.
TheEditLoaddialogboxappears.
6. Inthedialogbox:
a. Enteramagnitudeof10000.0forCF2.
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b. ClickOKtocreatetheloadandtoclosethedialogbox.
Abaqus/CAEdisplaysadownwardpointingarrowatthevertextoindicatethattheloadisappliedinthenegative2direction.
7. ExaminetheLoadManagerandnotethatthenewloadisCreated(activated)intheanalysisstepApplyload.
8. ClickDismisstoclosetheLoadManager.
2.3.8Meshingthemodel
Youwillnowgeneratethefiniteelementmesh.YoucanchoosethemeshingtechniquethatAbaqus/CAEwillusetocreatethemesh,theelementshape,andtheelementtype.Themeshingtechniqueforonedimensionalregions(suchastheonesinthisexample)cannotbechanged,however.Abaqus/CAEusesanumberofdifferentmeshingtechniques.ThedefaultmeshingtechniqueassignedtothemodelisindicatedbythecolorofthemodelthatisdisplayedwhenyouentertheMeshmoduleifAbaqus/CAEdisplaysthemodelinorange,itcannotbemeshedwithoutassistancefromyou.
AssigninganAbaquselementtype
InthissectionyouwillassignaparticularAbaquselementtypetothemodel.Althoughyouwillassigntheelementtypenow,youcouldalsowaituntilafterthemeshhasbeencreated.
Twodimensionaltrusselementswillbeusedtomodeltheframe.Theseelementsarechosenbecausetrusselements,whichcarryonlytensileandcompressiveaxialloads,areidealformodelingpinjointedframeworkssuchasthisoverheadhoist.
ToassignanAbaquselementtype:
1. IntheModelTree,expandtheFrameitemunderneaththePartscontainerifitisnotalreadyexpanded.ThendoubleclickMeshinthelistthatappears.
Abaqus/CAEswitchestotheMeshmodule.TheMeshmodulefunctionalityisavailableonlythroughmenubaritemsortoolboxicons.
2. Fromthemainmenubar,selectMesh ElementType.
3. Ifyoucreatedthesetnamedallwhileassigningsectionproperties,clickSetsintherightsideofthepromptareaandselectallfromtheRegionSelectiondialogbox.Otherwise,dragthemousetocreateaboxthatselectstheentireframeastheregiontobeassignedanelementtypeandclickDoneinthepromptareawhenyouarefinished.
TheElementTypedialogboxappears.
4. Inthedialogbox,selectthefollowing:
StandardastheElementLibraryselection(thedefault).
LinearastheGeometricOrder(thedefault).
TrussastheFamilyofelements.
5. Inthelowerportionofthedialogbox,examinetheelementshapeoptions.Abriefdescriptionofthedefaultelementselectionisavailableatthebottomofeachtabbedpage.
Sincethemodelisatwodimensionaltruss,onlytwodimensionaltrusselementtypesareshownontheLinetabbedpage.AdescriptionoftheelementtypeT2D2appearsatthebottomofthedialogbox.Abaqus/CAEwillnowassociateT2D2elementswiththeelementsinthemesh.
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6. ClickOKtoassigntheelementtypeandtoclosethedialogbox.
7. Inthepromptarea,clickDonetoendtheprocedure.
Creatingthemesh
Basicmeshingisatwostageoperation:firstyouseedtheedgesofthepartinstance,andthenyoumeshthepartinstance.Youselectthenumberofseedsbasedonthedesiredelementsizeoronthenumberofelementsthatyouwantalonganedge,andAbaqus/CAEplacesthenodesofthemeshattheseedswheneverpossible.Forthisproblemyouwillcreateoneelementoneachbarofthehoist.
Toseedandmeshthemodel:
1. Fromthemainmenubar,selectSeed Parttoseedthepartinstance.
Note:Youcangainmorecontroloftheresultingmeshbyseedingeachedgeofthepartinstanceindividually,butitisnotnecessaryforthisexample.
TheGlobalSeedsdialogboxappears.ThedialogboxdisplaysthedefaultelementsizethatAbaqus/CAEwillusetoseedthepartinstance.Thisdefaultelementsizeisbasedonthesizeofthepartinstance.Arelativelylargeseedvaluewillbeusedsothatonlyoneelementwillbecreatedperregion.
2. IntheGlobalSeedsdialogbox,specifyanapproximateglobalelementsizeof1.0,andclickOKtocreatetheseedsandtoclosethedialogbox.
3. Fromthemainmenubar,selectMesh Parttomeshthepartinstance.
4. Fromthebuttonsinthepromptarea,clickYestoconfirmthatyouwanttomeshthepartinstance.
Tip:YoucandisplaythenodeandelementnumberswithintheMeshmodulebyselectingViewPartDisplayOptionsfromthemainmenubar.ToggleonShownodelabelsandShow
elementlabelsintheMeshtabbedpageofthePartDisplayOptionsdialogboxthatappears.
2.3.9Creatingananalysisjob
Nowthatyouhaveconfiguredyouranalysis,youwillcreateajobthatisassociatedwithyourmodel.
Tocreateananalysisjob:
1. IntheModelTree,doubleclicktheJobscontainertocreateajob.
Abaqus/CAEswitchestotheJobmodule,andtheCreateJobdialogboxappearswithalistofthemodelsinthemodeldatabase.Whenyouarefinisheddefiningyourjob,theJobscontainerwilldisplayalistofyourjobs.
2. NamethejobFrame,andclickContinue.
TheEditJobdialogboxappears.
3. IntheDescriptionfield,typeTwodimensionaloverheadhoistframe.
4. ClickOKtoacceptallotherdefaultjobsettingsinthejobeditorandtoclosethedialogbox.
2.3.10Checkingthemodel
Havinggeneratedthemodelforthissimulation,youarereadytoruntheanalysis.Unfortunately,itispossibletohaveerrorsinthemodelbecauseofincorrectormissingdata.Youshouldperformadatacheckanalysisfirstbeforerunningthesimulation.
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Torunadatacheckanalysis:
1. IntheModelTree,expandtheJobscontainer.Clickmousebutton3onthejobnamedFrame,andselectDataCheckfromthemenuthatappearstosubmityourjobforadatacheckanalysis.
2. Afteryousubmityourjob,informationappearsnexttothejobnameindicatingthejob'sstatus.Thestatusoftheoverheadhoistproblemindicatesoneofthefollowingconditions:
CheckSubmittedwhilethemodelisbeingsubmittedforadatacheck.
CheckRunningwhileAbaqusperformsadatacheckonthemodel.
CheckCompletedwhenthedatacheckhascompletedsuccessfully.
Submittedwhilethejobisbeingsubmittedforafullanalysis.
RunningwhileAbaqusanalyzesthemodel.
Completedwhenthefullanalysisiscomplete,andtheoutputhasbeenwrittentotheoutputdatabase.
AbortedifAbaqus/CAEfindsaproblemwiththeinputfileortheanalysisandabortstheanalysis.Inaddition,Abaqus/CAEreportstheprobleminthemessagearea(seeFigure22).
Duringtheanalysis,Abaqus/StandardsendsinformationtoAbaqus/CAEtoallowyoutomonitortheprogressofthejob.Informationfromthestatus,data,log,andmessagefilesappearsintheJobMonitordialogbox.YoucanbrowsethesefilesinthetabbedwindowsinthebottomhalfoftheJobMonitordialogbox,andyoucansearchtheircontents.Selectthedesiredfiletab,enterasearchstringintheTexttofindfield,andclickNextorPrevioustostepthroughthefilefromonehittothenext.ToggleonMatchcasetoperformacasesensitivesearch.
Tomonitorthestatusofajob:
1. IntheModelTree,clickmousebutton3onthejobnamedFrameandselectMonitorfromthemenuthatappearstoopentheJobMonitordialogbox.
TheJobMonitordialogboxappears.
2. Thetophalfofthedialogboxdisplaystheinformationavailableinthestatus(.sta)filethatAbaquscreatesfortheanalysis.ThisfilecontainsabriefsummaryoftheprogressofananalysisandisdescribedinOutput,Section4.1.1oftheAbaqusAnalysisUser'sGuide.Thebottomhalfofthedialogboxallowsyoutoviewinformationabouttheanalysis.
ClicktheLogtabtodisplaythestartandendtimesfortheanalysisthatappearinthelog(.log)file.
ClicktheErrorsandWarningstabstodisplaytheerrorsorthewarningsthatappearinthedata(.dat)andmessage(.msg)files.Ifaparticularregionofthemodeliscausingtheerrororwarning,anodeorelementsetwillbecreatedautomaticallythatcontainsthatregion.Thenameofthenodeorelementsetappearswiththeerrororwarningmessage,andyoucanviewthesetusingdisplaygroupsintheVisualizationmodule.
Itwillnotbepossibletoperformtheanalysisuntilthecausesofanyerrormessagesarecorrected.Inaddition,youshouldalwaysinvestigatethereasonforanywarningmessagestodeterminewhethercorrectiveactionisneededorwhethersuchmessagescanbeignoredsafely.
Abaquslimitsthenumberoferrorandwarningmessagesthatappearinthejobmonitor(bydefaulttheselimitsare10errormessagesand50warningmessages).Ifthemessagelimitsareexceeded,informationregardingtheadditionalerrorsandwarningscanbeobtainedfromtheprintedoutputfilesthemselves.SeeJobcustomizationparameters,Section4.1.3oftheAbaqusInstallationandLicensingGuide,fordetailsonchangingthedefaultmessagelimits.
ClicktheOutputtabtodisplayarecordofeachoutputdataentryasitiswrittentotheoutputdatabase.
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AstheanalysisproceedsandAbaquscreatesthedata,message,andstatusfiles,Abaqus/CAEactivatestheDataFile,MessageFile,andStatusFiletabsanddisplaysthecontentsofeachfileinthecorrespondingtabbedpage.Youcanclickanyofthesetabstobrowseorsearchthefileforadditionalerrorandwarningmessages.
Note:AlthoughAbaqus/CAEupdatesthecontentsoftheDataFile,MessageFile,andStatusFiletabbedpagesperiodicallyastheanalysisruns,thedatamightnotalwaysbesynchronizedwiththelatestdatainthefiles.
3. ClickDismisstoclosetheJobMonitordialogbox.
2.3.11Runningtheanalysis
Makeanynecessarycorrectionstoyourmodel.Whenthedatacheckanalysiscompleteswithnoerrormessages,runtheanalysisitself.Todothis,clickmousebutton3onthejobnamedFrameandselectContinuefromthemenuthatappears.
Note:Performingadatacheckanalysisresultsinthecreationofjobfiles.Whenyousubmitajobforanalysisandfilesofthesamenamealreadyexist,Abaqus/CAEdisplaysadialogboxaskingifitisOKtooverwritethejobfiles.ClickOKtocontinue.
Youshouldalwaysperformadatacheckanalysisbeforerunningasimulationtoensurethatthemodelhasbeendefinedcorrectlyandtocheckthatthereisenoughdiskspaceandmemoryavailabletocompletetheanalysis.However,itispossibletocombinethedatacheckandanalysisphasesofthesimulationbyclickingmousebutton3onthejobnameintheJobscontainerandselectingSubmitfromthemenuthatappears.
Ifasimulationisexpectedtotakeasubstantialamountoftime,itmaybeconvenienttorunitinabatchqueuebyselectingQueueastheRunModeintheEditJobdialogbox.(TheavailabilityofsuchaqueuedependsonthequeuedefinitionsettingsinyourAbaqusenvironmentfile.Ifyouhaveanyquestions,refertoDefininganalysisbatchqueues,Section4.2oftheAbaqusInstallationandLicensingGuide,oraskyoursystemadministratoraboutdefininganalysisbatchqueuesonyoursystem.)
2.3.12Postprocessing
Graphicalpostprocessingisimportantbecauseofthegreatvolumeofdatacreatedduringasimulation.TheVisualizationmoduleofAbaqus/CAE(alsolicensedseparatelyasAbaqus/Viewer)allowsyoutoviewtheresultsgraphicallyusingavarietyofmethods,includingdeformedshapeplots,contourplots,vectorplots,animations,andXYplots.Inaddition,itallowsyoutocreatetabularreportsoftheoutputdata.Allofthesemethodsarediscussedinthisguide.Formoreinformationonanyofthepostprocessingfeaturesdiscussedinthisguide,consultPartV,Viewingresults,oftheAbaqus/CAEUser'sGuide.ForthisexampleyouwillusetheVisualizationmoduletodosomebasicmodelchecksandtodisplaythedeformedshapeoftheframe.
Whenthejobcompletessuccessfully,youarereadytoviewtheresultsoftheanalysiswiththeVisualizationmodule.IntheModelTree,clickmousebutton3onthejobnamedFrameandselectResultsfromthemenuthatappearstoentertheVisualizationmodule.Abaqus/CAEopenstheoutputdatabasecreatedbythejobanddisplaystheundeformedmodelshape,asshowninFigure212.
Figure212Undeformedmodelshape.
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YoucanalsoentertheVisualizationmodulebyselectingVisualizationfromtheModulelistlocatedinthecontextbar.SelectFile Open,selectFrame.odbfromthelistofavailableoutputdatabasefiles,andclickOK.
YoucanchoosetodisplaythetitleblockandstateblockatthebottomoftheviewporttheseblocksarenotshowninFigure212.Thetitleblockatthebottomoftheviewportindicatesthefollowing:
Thedescriptionofthemodel(fromthejobdescription).
Thenameoftheoutputdatabase(fromthenameoftheanalysisjob).
Theproductname(Abaqus/StandardorAbaqus/Explicit)andreleaseusedtogeneratetheoutputdatabase.
Thedatetheoutputdatabasewaslastmodified.
Thestateblockatthebottomoftheviewportindicatesthefollowing:
Whichstepisbeingdisplayed.
Theincrementwithinthestep.
Thesteptime.
Thevieworientationtriadindicatestheorientationofthemodelintheglobalcoordinatesystem.The3Dcompasslocatedintheupperrightcorneroftheviewportallowsyoutomanipulatetheviewdirectly.
Youcansuppressthedisplayofandcustomizethetitleblock,stateblock,vieworientationtriad,and3DcompassbyselectingViewport ViewportAnnotationOptionsfromthemainmenubar(forexample,manyofthefiguresinthisguidedonotincludethetitleblockorthecompass).
TheResultsTree
YouwillusetheResultsTreetoquerythecomponentsofthemodel.TheResultsTreeallowseasyaccesstothehistoryoutputcontainedinanoutputdatabasefileforthepurposeofcreatingXYplotsandalsotogroupsofelements,nodes,andsurfacesbasedonsetnames,materialandsectionassignment,etc.forthepurposesofverifyingthemodelandalsocontrollingtheviewportdisplay.
Toquerythemodel:
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1. Intheleftsideofthemainwindow,clicktheResultstabtoswitchtotheResultsTreeifitisnotalreadyvisible.
2. AlloutputdatabasefilesthatareopeninagivenpostprocessingsessionarelistedunderneaththeOutputDatabasescontainer.ExpandthiscontainerandthenexpandthecontainerfortheoutputdatabasenamedFrame.odb.
3. ExpandtheMaterialscontainer,andclickthematerialnamedSTEEL.
Allelementsarehighlightedintheviewportbecauseonlyonematerialassignmentwasusedinthisanalysis.
TheResultsTreewillbeusedmoreextensivelyinlaterexamplestoillustratetheXYplottingcapabilityandmanipulatingthedisplayusingdisplaygroups.
Customizinganundeformedshapeplot
Youwillnowusetheplotoptionstoenablethedisplayofnodeandelementnumbering.Plotoptionsthatarecommontoallplottypes(undeformed,deformed,contour,symbol,andmaterialorientation)aresetinasingledialogbox.Thecontour,symbol,andmaterialorientationplottypeshaveadditionaloptions,eachspecifictothegivenplottype.
Todisplaynodenumbers:
1. Fromthemainmenubar,selectOptions Commonorusethe toolinthetoolbox.
TheCommonPlotOptionsdialogboxappears.
2. ClicktheLabelstab.
3. ToggleonShownodelabels.
4. ClickApply.
Abaqus/CAEappliesthechangeandkeepsthedialogboxopen.
ThecustomizedundeformedplotisshowninFigure213(yournodenumbersmaybedifferent).
Figure213Nodenumberplot.
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Todisplayelementnumbers:
1. IntheLabelstabbedpageoftheCommonPlotOptionsdialogbox,toggleonShowelementlabels.
2. ClickOK.
Abaqus/CAEappliesthechangeandclosesthedialogbox.
TheresultingplotisshowninFigure214(yourelementnumbersmaybedifferent).
Figure214Nodeandelementnumberplot.
Removethenodeandelementlabelsbeforeproceeding.Todisablethedisplayofnodeandelementnumbers,repeattheaboveprocedureand,underLabels,toggleoffShownodelabelsandShowelementlabels.
Displayingandcustomizingadeformedshapeplot
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Youwillnowdisplaythedeformedmodelshapeandusetheplotoptionstochangethedeformationscalefactor.Youwillalsosuperimposetheundeformedmodelshapeonthedeformedmodelshape.
Fromthemainmenubar,selectPlot DeformedShapeorusethe toolinthetoolbox.Abaqus/CAEdisplaysthedeformedmodelshape,asshowninFigure215.
Figure215Deformedmodelshape.
Forsmalldisplacementanalyses(thedefaultformulationinAbaqus/Standard)thedisplacementsarescaledautomaticallytoensurethattheyareclearlyvisible.Thescalefactorisdisplayedinthestateblock.Inthiscasethedisplacementshavebeenscaledbyafactorof42.83.
Tochangethedeformationscalefactor:
1. Fromthemainmenubar,selectOptions Commonorusethe toolinthetoolbox.
2. FromtheCommonPlotOptionsdialogbox,clicktheBasictabifitisnotalreadyselected.
3. FromtheDeformationScaleFactorarea,toggleonUniformandenter10.0intheValuefield.
4. ClickApplytoredisplaythedeformedshape.
Thestateblockdisplaysthenewscalefactor.
5. Toreturntoautomaticscalingofthedisplacements,repeattheaboveprocedureand,intheDeformationScaleFactorfield,toggleonAutocompute.
6. ClickOKtoclosetheCommonPlotOptionsdialogbox.
Tosuperimposetheundeformedmodelshapeonthedeformedmodelshape:
1. ClicktheAllowMultiplePlotStates toolinthetoolboxtoallowmultipleplotstatesintheviewport
thenclickthe toolorselectPlot UndeformedShapetoaddtheundeformedshapeplottotheexistingdeformedplotintheviewport.
Bydefault,Abaqus/CAEplotsthedeformedmodelshapeingreenandthe(superimposed)undeformedmodelshapeinatranslucentwhite.
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2. Theplotoptionsforthesuperimposedimagearecontrolledseparatelyfromthoseoftheprimaryimage.
Fromthemainmenubar,selectOptions Superimposeorusethe toolinthetoolboxtochangetheedgestyleofthesuperimposed(i.e.,undeformed)image.
3. FromtheSuperimposePlotOptionsdialogbox,clicktheColor&Styletab.
4. IntheColor&Styletabbedpage,selectthedashededgestyle.
5. ClickOKtoclosetheSuperimposePlotOptionsdialogboxandtoapplythechange.
TheplotisshowninFigure216.Theundeformedmodelshapeappearswithadashededgestyle.
Figure216Undeformedanddeformedmodelshapes.
CheckingthemodelwithAbaqus/CAE
YoucanuseAbaqus/CAEtocheckthatthemodeliscorrectbeforerunningthesimulation.Youhavealreadylearnedhowtodrawplotsofthemodelandtodisplaythenodeandelementnumbers.TheseareusefultoolsforcheckingthatAbaqusisusingthecorrectmesh.
TheboundaryconditionsappliedtotheoverheadhoistmodelcanalsobedisplayedandcheckedintheVisualizationmodule.
Todisplayboundaryconditionsontheundeformedmodel:
1. Clickthe toolinthetoolboxtodisablemultipleplotstatesintheviewport.
2. Displaytheundeformedmodelshape,ifitisnotdisplayedalready.
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3. Fromthemainmenubar,selectView ODBDisplayOptions.
4. IntheODBDisplayOptionsdialogbox,clicktheEntityDisplaytab.
5. ToggleonShowboundaryconditions.
6. ClickOK.
Abaqus/CAEdisplayssymbolstoindicatetheappliedboundaryconditions,asshowninFigure217.
Figure217Appliedboundaryconditionsontheoverheadhoist.
Tabulardatareports
Inadditiontothegraphicalcapabilitiesdescribedabove,Abaqus/CAEallowsyoutowritedatatoatextfileinatabularformat.Thisfeatureisaconvenientalternativetowritingtabularoutputtothedata(.dat)file.Outputgeneratedthiswayhasmanyusesforexample,itcanbeusedinwrittenreports.Inthisproblemyouwillgenerateareportcontainingtheelementstresses,nodaldisplacements,andreactionforces.
Togeneratefielddatareports:
1. Fromthemainmenubar,selectReport FieldOutput.
2. IntheVariabletabbedpageoftheReportFieldOutputdialogbox,acceptthedefaultpositionlabeledIntegrationPoint.ClickthetrianglenexttoS:Stresscomponentstoexpandthelistofavailablevariables.Fromthislist,toggleonS11.
3. IntheSetuptabbedpage,namethereportFrame.rpt.IntheDataregionatthebottomofthepage,toggleoffColumntotals.
4. ClickApply.
Theelementstressesarewrittentothereportfile.
5. IntheVariabletabbedpageoftheReportFieldOutputdialogbox,changethepositiontoUniqueNodal.ToggleoffS:Stresscomponents,andselectU1andU2fromthelistofavailableU:Spatialdisplacementvariables.
6. ClickApply.
Thenodaldisplacementsareappendedtothereportfile.
7. IntheVariabletabbedpageoftheReportFieldOutputdialogbox,toggleoffU:Spatial
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displacement,andselectRF1andRF2fromthelistofavailableRF:Reactionforcevariables.
8. IntheDataregionatthebottomoftheSetuptabbedpage,toggleonColumntotals.
9. ClickOK.
Thereactionforcesareappendedtothereportfile,andtheReportFieldOutputdialogboxcloses.
OpenthefileFrame.rptinatexteditor.Thecontentsofthisfileareshownbelow.Yournodeandelementnumberingmaybedifferent.Verysmallvaluesmayalsobecalculateddifferently,dependingonyoursystem.
Stressoutput:
FieldOutputReport
Source1
ODB:Frame.odbStep:ApplyloadFrame:Increment1:StepTime=2.2200E16
Loc1:Integrationpointvaluesfromsource1
Outputsortedbycolumn"ElementLabel".
FieldOutputreportedatintegrationpointsforpart:FRAME1
[email protected]+0621294.116E+0631294.116E+0641147.058E+0651294.116E+0661147.058E+0671294.116E+06
Minimum294.116E+06AtElement5
IntPt1Maximum294.116E+06AtElement7
IntPt1
Displacementoutput:
FieldOutputReport
Source1
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ODB:Frame.odbStep:ApplyloadFrame:Increment1:StepTime=2.2200E16
Loc1:Nodalvaluesfromsource1
Outputsortedbycolumn"NodeLabel".
FieldOutputreportedatnodesforpart:FRAME1
NodeU.U1U.U2Label@Loc1@Loc111.47058E032.54712E03246.3233E122.54712E033735.291E064.66972E0340.5.E3351.47058E035.E33
Minimum46.3233E124.66972E03
AtNode23Maximum1.47058E035.E33
AtNode55
Reactionforceoutput:
FieldOutputReport
Source1
ODB:Frame.odbStep:ApplyloadFrame:Increment1:StepTime=2.2200E16
Loc1:Nodalvaluesfromsource1
Outputsortedbycolumn"NodeLabel".
FieldOutputreportedatnodesforpart:FRAME1
NodeRF.RF1RF.RF2Label@[email protected]+0350.5.E+03
Minimum0.0.
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AtNode53
Maximum454.747E155.E+03AtNode45
Total454.747E1510.E+03
Arethenodaldisplacementsandpeakstressesintheindividualmembersreasonableforthishoistandtheseappliedloads?
Itisalwaysagoodideatocheckthattheresultsofthesimulationsatisfybasicphysicalprinciples.Inthiscasecheckthattheexternalforcesappliedtothehoistandthereactionforcessumtozeroinboththeverticalandhorizontaldirections.
Whatnodeshaveverticalforcesappliedtothem?Whatnodeshavehorizontalforces?Dotheresultsfromyoursimulationmatchthoseshownhere?
2.3.13RerunningtheanalysisusingAbaqus/Explicit
WewillrerunthesameanalysisinAbaqus/Explicitforcomparison.Thistimeweareinterestedinthedynamicresponseofthehoisttothesameloadappliedsuddenlyatthemidspan.Beforecontinuing,clicktheModeltabintheleftsideofthemainwindowtoswitchtotheModelTree.Clickmousebutton3onModel1intheModelTreeandselectCopyModelfromthemenuthatappearstocopytheexistingmodeltoanewmodelnamedExplicit.MakeallsubsequentchangestotheExplicitmodel(youmaywanttocollapsetheoriginalmodeltoavoidconfusion).Youwillneedtoreplacethestaticstepwithanexplicitdynamicstep,modifytheoutputrequestsandthematerialdefinition,andchangetheelementlibrarybeforeyoucanresubmitthejob.
Replacingtheanalysisstep
Thestepdefinitionmustchangetoreflectadynamic,explicitanalysis.
Toreplacethestaticstepwithanexplicitdynamicstep:
1. IntheModelTree,expandtheStepscontainer.Clickmousebutton3onthestepnamedApplyload,andselectReplacefromthemenuthatappears.
2. IntheReplaceStepdialogbox,selectDynamic,ExplicitfromthelistofavailableGeneralprocedures.ClickContinue.
Modelattributessuchasboundaryconditions,loads,andcontactinteractionsareretainedwhenreplacingastep.Modelattributesthatcannotbeconvertedwillbedeleted.Inthissimulationallnecessarymodelattributeswillberetained.
3. IntheBasictabbedpageoftheEditStepdialogbox,enterthestepdescription10kNcentralload,suddenlyappliedandsetthetimeperiodofthestepto0.01s.
Modifyingtheoutputrequests
Becausethisisadynamicanalysisinwhichthetransientresponseoftheframeisofinterest,itishelpfultohavethedisplacementsofthecenterpointwrittenashistoryoutput.Displacementhistoryoutputcanberequestedonlyforapreselectedset.Youwillusethesetnamedcenter,whichwascreatedearlierwhileassigningtheload.Ifyoudidnotcreatethissetpreviously,thefollowinginstructionsareprovidedforyourconvenience.
Tocreateaset(ifnecessary):
1. IntheModelTree,expandtheAssemblycontaineranddoubleclicktheSetsitem.
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TheCreateSetdialogboxappears.
2. Namethesetcenter,acceptthedefaultselectionofGeometry,andclickContinue.
Note:Formeshedpartsyoucandefinesetsthatarebasedoneitherthegeometryorthemesh.Ifyoumodifythemesh,youmustredefineameshbasedset.However,ageometrybasedsetwillupdateautomatically.Forunmeshedpartsonlygeometrybasedsetsareavailable.
3. Intheviewport,selectthepointatthecenterofthebottomedgeofthetruss.Inthepromptarea,clickDonewhenyouarefinished.
Toadddisplacementstothehistoryoutputrequest:
1. IntheModelTree,clickmousebutton3ontheHistoryOutputRequestscontainerandselectManagerfromthemenuthatappears.
2. IntheHistoryOutputRequestsManagerdialogboxthatappears,clickEdit.
Thehistoryoutputeditorappears.
3. UndertheDomainfield,selectSet.Abaqusautomaticallyprovidesalistofallthesetscreatedforagivenmodel.Choosethesetnamedcenter.
4. UndertheFrequencyfield,selectEveryntimeincrementsandsetthevalueofnto1towritetheoutputateveryincrement.
5. IntheOutputVariablesregion,toggleofftheEnergyoutputandclickthearrowtotheleftoftheDisplacement/Velocity/Accelerationcategorytorevealhistoryoutputoptionsfortranslationsandrotations.
6. ToggleonUT,Translationstohavethedisplacementsfortheselectedsetbewrittenashistoryoutputtotheoutputdatabasefile.
7. ClickOKtosaveyourchangesandtoclosethedialogbox.DismisstheHistoryOutputRequestsManager.
Modifyingthematerialdefinition
SinceAbaqus/Explicitperformsadynamicanalysis,acompletematerialdefinitionrequiresthatyouspecifythematerialdensity.Forthisproblemassumethedensityisequalto7800kg/m3.
Toadddensitytothematerialdefinition:
1. IntheModelTree,expandtheMaterialscontaineranddoubleclickSteel.
2. Inthematerialeditor,selectGeneral Densityandtypeavalueof7800forthedensity.
3. ClickOKtoclosetheEditMaterialdialogbox.
Changingtheelementlibraryandsubmittingthejobforanalysis
AswillbediscussedinChapter3,FiniteElementsandRigidBodies,theelementsavailableinAbaqus/ExplicitareasubsetofthoseavailableinAbaqus/Standard.Thus,toensurethatyouareusingavalidelementtypeinyouranalysis,youmustchangetheelementlibraryfromwhichtheelementsareselectedtotheexplicitelementlibrary.Abaqus/CAEautomaticallyfilterstheavailableelementtypesaccordingtotheselectedelementlibrary.Afterchangingtheelementlibrary,youwillcreateandrunanewjobfortheAbaqus/Explicitanalysis.
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Tochangetheelementlibrary:
1. IntheModelTree,expandtheFrameitemunderneaththePartscontainer.ThendoubleclickMeshinthelistthatappears.
Abaqus/CAEswitchestotheMeshmodule.
2. Fromthemainmenubar,selectMesh ElementType,selectthesetall(orpicktheentireframeintheviewport),andchangetheElementLibraryselectiontoExplicit.
3. ClickOKtoacceptthenewelementtype.
Tocreateandrunthenewjob:
1. IntheModelTree,doubleclicktheJobscontainer.
2. NamethenewjobexpFrame,andselectExplicitasthesourcemodel.
3. Submitthejob.
2.3.14Postprocessingthedynamicanalysisresults
ForthestaticlinearperturbationanalysisdoneinAbaqus/Standardyouexaminedthedeformedshapeaswellasstress,displacement,andreactionforceoutput.FortheAbaqus/Explicitanalysisyoucansimilarlyexaminethedeformedshapeandgeneratefielddatareports.Becausethisisadynamicanalysis,youshouldalsoexaminethetransientresponseresultingfromtheloading.Youwilldothisbyanimatingthetimehistoryofthedeformedmodelshapeandplottingthedisplacementhistoryofthebottomcenternodeinthetruss.
Plotthedeformedshapeofthemodel.Forlargedisplacementanalyses(thedefaultformulationinAbaqus/Explicit)thedisplacedshapescalefactorhasadefaultvalueof1.ChangetheDeformationScaleFactorto20sothatyoucanmoreeasilyseethedeformationofthetruss.
Tocreateatimehistoryanimationofthedeformedmodelshape:
1. Fromthemainmenubar,selectAnimate TimeHistoryorusethe toolinthetoolbox.
Thetimehistoryanimationbeginsinacontinuousloopatitsfastestspeed.Abaqus/CAEdisplaysthemovieplayercontrolsintherightsideofthecontextbar(immediatelyabovetheviewport).
2. Fromthemainmenubar,selectOptions Animationorusetheanimationoptions toolinthetoolbox
(locateddirectlyunderneaththe tool).
TheAnimationOptionsdialogboxappears.
3. ChangetheModetoPlayOnce,andslowtheanimationdownbymovingtheFrameRateslider.
4. Youcanusetheanimationcontrolstostart,pause,andstepthroughtheanimation.FromlefttorightofFigure218,thesecontrolsperformthefollowingfunctions:play/pause,first,previous,next,andlast.
Figure218Postprocessinganimationcontrols.
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Thetrussrespondsdynamicallytotheload.YoucanconfirmthisbyplottingtheverticaldisplacementhistoryofthenodesetCenter.
YoucancreateXYcurvesfromeitherhistoryorfielddatastoredintheoutputdatabase(.odb)file.XYcurvescanalsobereadfromanexternalfileortheycanbetypedintotheVisualizationmoduleinteractively.Oncecurveshavebeencreated,theirdatacanbefurthermanipulatedandplottedtothescreeningraphicalform.Inthisexampleyouwillcreateandplotthecurveusinghistorydata.
TocreateanXYplotoftheverticaldisplacementforanode:
1. IntheResultsTree,expandtheHistoryOutputcontainerunderneaththeoutputdatabasenamedexpFrame.odb.
2. Fromthelistofavailablehistoryoutput,doubleclickSpatialdisplacement:U2atNodexinNSETCENTER.
Abaqus/CAEplotstheverticaldisplacementatthecenternodealongthebottomofthetruss,asshowninFigure219.
Figure219Verticaldisplacementatthemidspanofthetruss.
Note:Thechartlegendhasbeensuppressedandtheaxislabelsmodifiedinthisfigure.ManyXYplotoptionsaredirectlyaccessiblebydoubleclickingtheappropriateregionsoftheviewport.Toenabledirectobjectactions,however,youmustfirstclick inthepromptareatocancelthe
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currentprocedure(ifnecessary).Tosuppressthelegend,doubleclickitintheviewporttoopentheChartLegendOptionsdialogbox.IntheContentstabbedpageofthisdialogbox,toggleoffShowlegend.Tomodifytheaxislabels,doubleclickeitheraxistoopentheAxisOptionsdialogbox,andedittheaxistitlesasindicatedinFigure219.
ExitingAbaqus/CAE
SaveyourmodeldatabasefilethenselectFile ExitfromthemainmenubartoexitAbaqus/CAE.