Download - genetics - WCA Life Science - Home
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genetics the study of the inheritance of traits
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inheritance the passing of traits from parents to offspring
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• male gamete: sperm
• female gamete: egg
Gametes
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Gametes sperm egg
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haploid a cell that has one of each kind of chromosome that is normally found in the organism
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Tall plants Short plants
Axial flowers Terminal flowers
Inflated pods Constricted pods
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Mendel’s
Experiments • tall plants and short plants
• axial flowers and terminal flowers
• inflated pods and constricted pods
• yellow pods and green pods
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• yellow peas and green peas
• round peas and wrinkled peas
• green seed coats and white seed coats
Mendel’s
Experiments
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purebred an organism that has had the same traits for many generations
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1. Pollen-containing structures are removed from short-plant flowers. 2. Tall-plant pollen
is collected using a brush.
3. Tall-plant pollen is placed onto stigmas of short-plant flowers.
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cross mating purebred plants of opposite traits to test how they inherit traits
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Mendel’s
Experiments
short tall + tall ??? =
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Mendel’s
Experiments
F1—1st Filial Generation
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Mendel’s
Experiments
F2 Generation
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Mendel’s
Experiments
tall tall + tall =
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short tall + tall =
Mendel’s
Experiments
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hybrid an offspring of two genetically unrelated individuals
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• Each offspring had two factors for each trait, one from each parent.
Mendel’s
Experiments
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• Each factor in the set of two factors for a trait was either dominant or recessive.
Mendel’s
Experiments
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Mendel’s
Experiments
F2 Generation
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x
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tt TT x Tt (F1)
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Tt x TT Tt Tt Tt tt
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Terms • phenotype
• genotype
— tall
— TT, Tt
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What was the phenotype of the peas in Mendel’s F1 generation?
What Do You Think?
tall
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List the genotypes of the peas in the F1 generation.
Tt
What Do You Think?
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What phenotypes did Mendel see in the F2 generation?
tall and short
What Do You Think?
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What genotypes did Mendel find in the F2 generation?
TT, Tt, tt
What Do You Think?
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chromosome
number the number of chromosomes in the nucleus
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Punnett square a diagram used to visualize genetic crosses
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parent characteristic
pare
nt ch
ara
cte
ristic
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offspring offspring
offspring offspring
parent characteristic
pare
nt ch
ara
cte
ristic
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Hybrid Tall Parent
Purebred Short Parent
Tt x tt T t
t
t
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Hybrid Tall
Parent
T t
T
t
Hybrid Tall Parent Tt x Tt
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Purebred Short Parent tt x tt t t
t
t
Purebred Short Parent
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Purebred Tall Parent TT x tt T T
t
t
Tt Tt
Tt Tt
Purebred Short Parent
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Tt x Tt T t
T
t
TT Tt
Tt tt
Hybrid Tall Parent
Hybrid Tall
Parent
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tt Tt Tt TT TT
25%
Tt 25%
Tt 25%
tt 25%
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incomplete
dominance a type of inheritance in which the genes expressing a particular characteristic are neither dominant nor recessive;
both genes influence the characteristic of an organism
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Hybrid
Hybrid
CwCr x CwCr Cw Cr
Cw
Cr
CwCw CwCr
CwCr CrCr
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codominance a type of inheritance pattern where two traits are equally expressed
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Chestnut
White
HBHB x HWHW
HB
HBHW HBHW
HBHW HBHW
HB
HW
HW
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multiple gene
inheritance two or more gene pairs are responsible for producing a single trait
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X chromosome the female sex chromosome
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Y chromosome the male sex chromosome
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XX x XY
X
XX XX
XY XY
X
X
Y
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sex-linked trait a characteristic that has a gene on the X-chromosome but no gene on the Y-chromosome
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XgY x XGXG
Xg Y
XG
XG
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carrier an individual who possesses a gene for a specific trait but does not exhibit that trait
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Xg
XGXg XGY
XGXg XGY
Y
XG
XG
XgY x XGXG
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XGY x XGXg
XG
XGXG XGY
XGXg XgY
Y
XG
Xg