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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• Muscles that are needed to create movement for exercise and sport are VOLUNTARY MUSCLES – GROSS and FINE MOTOR SKILLS.
• When muscles increase in size it is known as MUSCLE HYPERTROPHY
• When people lose muscle mass, it is known as ATROPHY.
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
Moves the shoulder and draws the arm across the chest
Bends (flexes) the trunk or spine so that you can bend forward
Bends (flexes) the arm at the elbow joint
Straightens (extends) the leg at the knee joint
Raises the arm forwards, backwards and sideways at the shoulder
Maintains shoulder position, rotates the shoulder and moves the head
Straightens (extends) the arm at the elbow joint
Pulls the arm down, draws the arm behind the back
Pulls the leg back at the hip when standing and climbing
Bends (flexes) the leg at the knee
Straightens (extends) the ankle joint
Pectorals (Pecs)
Biceps
Rectus abdominis (abs)
Deltoid
Trapezius (traps)
Triceps
Latissimus dorsi (lats)
Gluteus maximus
Hamstring
Quadriceps (quads)
Gastrocnemius (calf)
Show/hide arrows
Show/hide names
Show/hide functions
Major Muscles
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B GCSE Physical Education
UNIT 1 - Information
Voluntary muscle contains MUSCLE FIBRES, which, when stimulated by the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) contract or extend.
Muscle Fibres
Bicep muscle
A muscle fibre Slow twitch
(red)
Fast twitch (white)
Bundle of fibres
There are 2 main types of MUSCLE FIBRE1) SLOW TWITCH2) FAST TWITCH
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• All muscles have a mixture of fast and slow twitch fibres.
• The mix is inherited, but both types can be trained to function better.
• The type of muscle fibre can often determine performance in different physical activities.
• Muscle action in all physical activity/ sport requires a contribution from each muscle fibre type.
Muscle Fibres
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
Characteristics of Muscle Fibres
FAST TWITCH SLOW TWITCH
SIZE LARGE SMALL
COLOUR WHITE RED
SPEED OF CONTRACTION
QUICK SLOW
FORCE GENERATED
LARGE SMALL
FATIGUEQUICK
(Work without O2 – anaerobically)
SLOW(Good O2 supply)
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
POWER, STRENGTH, EXPLOSIVE EVENTS
CV ENDURANCE ACTIVITIES
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
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The Major Muscles Used In The Leg For Extension And Flexion Of The Hips And Knee
Gluteus maximus contracts to extend hip
‘Hamstrings’ contract to extend hip and flex knee
‘Quadriceps’ relaxed
‘Hamstrings’ relaxed
‘Quadriceps’ contract to flex hip and extend knee
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
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The Major Muscles Used In The Extension And Flexion Of The Arm
EXTENSION
Right arm viewed from the side
Origin tendons
Biceps relaxed
Triceps contracted to extend elbow
Ulna
FLEXION
Right arm viewed from the side
Radius
Insertion tendon
Humerus
Scapula
Triceps relaxed
Humerus
Biceps contracted to flex elbow
Radius
Ulna
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• Muscles can PULL by CONTRACTION: they cannot push.
• Muscles NEVER work alone – they always work in pairs or groups.
• As one muscle contracts, another will relax.
• These pairs of muscles are called ANTAGONISTIC PAIRS.
• The muscles that bring the bones together are the PRIME MOVERS or AGONISTS (they cause the contraction).
• The opposite to this are the ANTAGONISTIC muscles – those which relax.
MUSCLES IN ACTION
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
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• Other muscles called SYNERGISTS contract at the same time as the AGONIST to help it work smoothly – stop unnecessary movement.
• FIXATORS are muscles which contract to steady parts of the body to allow the working muscles a firm base.
• Muscles have two ends and these are attached to bones by TENDONS.
1) The end that attaches to the FIXED bone is called the ORIGIN.
2) The other end is called the INSERTION and is attached to the MOVING bone.
MUSCLES IN ACTION
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
Muscles contract in different ways to produce a range of movements:
TYPES OF MUSCLE CONTRACTION
ISOTONIC ISOMETRIC ISOKINETIC
Concentric contraction
Eccentric contraction
Muscle shortens as it contracts
Ends of muscle move closer together
Muscle lengthens but is still under tension
Ends of muscle move further apart
Muscle remains the same length
No movement as a result
Helps to improve posture and strength
These contractions occur when the speed of the contraction remains constant
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
The LEVER SYSTEM in the body is formed wherever a MUSCLE is attached to a BONE.
The MUSCLES use the BONES as the LEVERS against which they work to cause movement.
MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS
FUNCTIONS OF A LEVERGenerates more force to move larger weights
Produces a greater range of movement
Increases speed at which the body moves
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
All levers have the same characteristic:
P/F PIVOT or FULCRUM – the point of movement that takes the strain of one moving away from another.
L/R LOAD or RESISTANCE – Body weight or external weight.
E EFFORT – A muscular force to move the load.
In the body, these are the:-
P/F – Joints.
L/R – Body weight or external weight.
E – Muscles and Bones.
MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
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UNIT 1 - Information
There are 3 types of lever in the body, each of which is capable of producing different types and ranges of movements and forces.
Levers are classified according to the positions of:
MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS
E F L
EFFORT FULCRUM / PIVOT LOAD / RESISTANCE
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
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In the 3rd class lever, the effort E is between the fulcrum F and the load L.
MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS
In this type of lever the muscle is attached close to the joint allowing a long lever movement from a small muscular contraction.
Show/Hide armShow/Hide arm
F
E
LE
F
L LOAD / RESISTANCE
EFFORT
FULCRUM / PIVOT
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• The use of this lever is to gain SPEED of movement of the LOAD.
• The longer the lever, the greater is the turning force at the end of it e.g. tennis rackets, golf clubs, fully extended arm while bowling in cricket.
The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
MUSCLES AND JOINTS AS LEVERS
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• Regular training tones muscles and helps to create good posture (the way the body is held in position).
• Muscles will hypertrophy (increase in size).
• Muscles will develop better endurance.
MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE
Sporting Performance Healthy Lifestyle
Muscle tone can be seen when muscles are in a state of slight tension and they are ready for action
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Information
• Muscle tone developed by regular exercise makes daily tasks such as shopping and gardening easier. It also helps to prevent injury, as good posture reduces the strain on muscles; tendons and ligaments.
• Good posture helps with sporting performance as special positions are often crucial to success, e.g. the position throughout the golf swing. People with good posture also feel better about themselves. An upright body position is often a sign of self confidence. People who are less confident will sometimes show this in their body language, e.g. by adopting a slouched posture.
The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
MUSCLE TONE AND POSTURE
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 – Practical Application
1. The third-order lever is the most common type of lever found in the human body.
Using the diagrams to help you, describe how a 3rd class lever works in the human body.
F
E
L
L LOAD / RESISTANCEE EFFORT F FULCRUM / PIVOT
E
F
L
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 – Practical Application
2. Try and identify where the Fulcrum, Load and Effort are in the following movements:
(i) Contraction of lower leg in readiness to kick a ball.
(ii) Squatting in readiness to forward roll: legs.
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 – Practical Application
3. Look at the labelled diagrams of the muscular system. Match each label with its corresponding function by dragging the number and dropping it next to the correct label.
Pectorals
Biceps
Abdominals
Deltoid
Triceps
Latissimus dorsi
Gluteals
Hamstring
Quadriceps
Gastrocnemius
Obliques
Flexes the knee and extends the hip
Extends the knee and flexes the hip
Extends the hip
Sideways flexion and rotation of spine
Extends and adducts the shoulders
Flexes, abducts and rotates the shoulders
Adducts and rotates the shoulders
Flexes the elbow
Extends the elbow
Flexes the spinePoints the foot
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
1010
1111
11
22
33
44
55
66
77
88
99
1010
1111
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Links
• Skeletal system• Respiratory system• Cardiovascular system• Aerobic / anaerobic systems• Energy continuum• Training zones• Intensity / duration of exercise• Short-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body• Long-term effects of exercise on the systems of the body• Body type
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 - Activity
1. What are the functions of levers in the body?
2. What role do the bones, joints and muscles play in the lever system of the body?
3. Where is a lever system formed in the body?
4. “The 3rd-class lever causes a small contraction of the biceps when bending your arm, which produces a large movement of the forearm.”
What other advantage does this type of lever system give?
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The Function Of The Muscular System In Facilitating And Improving Movement
SECTION B
UNIT 1 – Key Facts/ Glossary
KEY FACTS
MOVEMENTMOVEMENT
Optimal sporting performance
Healthy Lifestyles
Skeletal system
Functions
Bones – Appendicular/Axial
Joints
Type – Location – Movement allowed
Ligaments
Tendons
Cartilage
Muscular system
Functions
Types/Voluntary/ Involuntary/Cardiac
Fibre TypesSlow / Fast
Characteristics
Antagonistic Muscle Action
Origin / Insertion
3rd Order Levers